时态（一）：一般动作英文中把动作分两个方面来讨论：一个是 “时”，即表示动作发生的时间；另一个是“态 ”，即用来表示动作进行到何种程度。这就是 所谓的“时态”。“时”又可进一步分为四种时间：现在、过 去、将来和过去将来。“态”也进一步分为四种动作程度：一般动 作、进行动作、完成动作和完成进行动作。因为每一个时间规定下都有四种不同的动 作完成程度，于是构成了英文的16个时态。 一、一般现在时态的两种基本用法n一般现在时态主要基本用法： n1）现阶段习惯性的动作或状态。n2）客观事实,真理或格言。n3）表示现在将来时。（只用于时状或条状从句中）。1. 形式：do或does(单数第三人称) 2. 意义：一般现在时表示客观的、普遍性的真理以及经 常性的、习惯性的事件。n1) 他总是上学迟到。n2）水由氢和氧组成。n3）她常常开着窗户睡觉。n4）滚动的石头不长苔藓。n5）昨天他说地球是圆的。n6）如果你忘了，我会提醒你。n7）当他到达时，请立刻通知我。He is always late for school.1Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 2She often sleeps with her window open. 1A rolling stone gathers no moss. 2Yesterday he said that the earth is round. 2If you forget it, I shall remind you. 2When she arrives, please tell me at once 3说明：n1）习惯性动作是通过频度副词表现出来的， 所以记住一定数量的频度副词很有必要： frequently (频繁地、经常), always, hardly, never, scarcely (很少), often, occasionally (有 时、偶尔), rarely (很少), seldom (很少), sometimes (有时), usuallyn 2）在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，一定 要用一般现在时，代替现在将来时。n3）主语为第三人称单数，谓语为一般现在时 ，谓语动词后，必须加上“s”或“es”。否则，为 错句。二、一般过去时基本用法 1. 形式：did 2. 意义：一般过去时态表示在过去的某一特定时 间发生和结束的活动或情况。3. 用法 常表示过去时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常 和过去特定的时间状语连用。有：yesterday, yesterday evening, last night, the night before last, last year, last spring, three daysmonthsyears ago 等等。注意这些时间状语之前不需加介词。 He was late for school this morning. I bought this computer three years ago. I was tired last night, so I went to bed early. 表示过去某一段时间一直持续或反复发生的动 作，此时可与表示频度的时间副词连用。 I lived in the country for ten years. He used to do morning exercises. She lived in our town for three years, but now she is living in Beijing. He took a walk after supper when he was alive. He worked in that dot-com company for one year. Now he is studying in America. I wrote a letter once a week to my family when I was in my first college year. n1. His father _ (leave) home when he was five years old.n2. Crying _ (mend) no hole when the failure appears.n3. She _ (advise) her son to get married at the age of twenty.n4. You must wait until she _ (come) back from work.n5. Our teacher said yesterday that practice _ (make) perfect.n6. He will come to see me when he _ (arrive) here tomorrow.n7. She_ (receive) a letter from the young man last week.n8. She always _ (get) up at a quarter to seven in the morning.n9. He _ (tell) me that he had once bought a car there.n10. He _ (love) sitting under the tree playing chess.n11. I would rather you _ (live) closer to the school.n12. If it _ (rain) tomorrow, the match will be delayed.n13. The teacher said that five plus five _ (make) ten.n 14. She remarked happily this soup _ (taste) wonderful.n 15. The Yangtze River _ (flow) into the East China Sea.n16. Do you know who this car _ (belong) to at present?n 17. I think that eight times eight _ (equal) sixty-four.n 18. We _ (raise) pigs & cows on this mountain each year.n 1、他说我们的老师三年前迁居美国。n 2、晚饭后他们经常在校园里散步。n3、昨天他对我们说条条大路通罗马。n 4、如果你今晚有空，请你给我打电话。 He said our teacher moved to America three years before.They often take a walk on the campus after supper.He told us yesterday that all roads lead to Rome.Please phone me if you are free tonight.三、一般将来时态的三种用法 n对于将来时态的学习，理解以下三个概念是至 关重要的： 1）预测：表示说话人认为将来会发生某件事。 2）事先计划：说话人在头脑里已经做出决定将 来要做某件事。 3）意愿：说话人既不是预计某事将会发生，也 不是预先经过考虑决定将做某事，而是在说话 的时刻立即做出决断表明他将去做某事。 n 谓语：（注：含用法。）n1）shall / will +do（表示将来的“意愿”、“事先计划”或 “预测”）n 2）be going to + do（表示将来的“事先计划”或“预测 ”）n 3）be to + do（按计划安排在现在的将来发生的动作 , 可与be doing互换，但常用于正式语体。 ）n4）be doing（按计划安排在现在的将来发生的动作 ，谓语通常都是一些“位置转移”的动词，比如：start, leave, reach, arrive,come, go, move, take off（起飞 ）等等，但在现代英语中，也可以用“非位置转移”的 动词。）n5）be about to +do（表示动作即将在未来发生）n6）一般现在时（只用于条件状语和时间状语从句中 ）进一步详解： 表示预测时，我们可以用will或be going to 。但两者还存在以下两点区别： 1) 用be going to特别是意指根据目前的明显 迹象来推断某件事将要发生。will则只是表明 说话人认为或相信某件事将要发生。 2) be going to通常用来表示说话人预期所说 的事件马上或在相当近的将来就要发生。而 will所表示的动作发生的时间可近可远。例如 ： 表示行动计划，用be going to；表示意 愿，用will。但两者有时似乎不太好把握， 易混淆。二者主要差别是： 1) be going to表示说话人对未来行动的计 划或打算，通常是经过事先考虑并含有已 经为这一行动做了某些准备的意思。 2) will表示意愿，则表示在说话的时刻立即 做出的决定表明将去做某事，并没有经过 事先考虑，更没有为这一活动做出事先准 备。例如： Look at those black clouds! Its going to rain. I feel terrible. I think Im going to be sick. John is goihg to fall into that hole! Oh, my dear! Theyre going to bump against that tree! You look very pale. I am sure you are going to get sick. The bridge will collapse. The bridge is going to collapse. n若一个句子没有如上句子那样明显的计 划或意愿的证据，则用will或be going to均可，但思维上仍有上述区别。如： Husband：There isnt any milk left in the fridge.Wife：Ill buy some after work.Wife：Im going to buy some after work.n1）如果有必要的话，我会帮你。n2）今天下午将会有一场风暴。n3）她会出席明天的会议。n4）我打算参加那个会议。n5）我想天很快就要下雨了。I will help you if (it is) necessary. 1（意愿）There will be a storm this afternoon. 1 (预测 )She will attend the meeting tomorrow. 1（计划）I am going to participate in the meeting. 2（计划） I think it is going to rain soon. 2 (预测) n8）我们计划今晚和史密斯先生喝茶。n9) 我们很快就要出发去上海。n10）请做好一切准备，实验就要开始了。n11）我们一家计划今年迁居澳门。n12）如果她来看我，请立刻通知我。We are to have tea with Mr. Smith tonight. 3 We are about to leave for Shanghai soon.