VII. Figures of emphasis 7.1 Parallelism 排比 7.1.1 Definition Parallelism consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other. (3) In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word (noun with noun, verb with verb, adjective with adjective, etc.), phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. (Martin Luther King: I Have a Dream) 怀着这个信念，我们就将能够一同工作，一同 祈祷，一同斗争，一同入狱，一同争取自由， 因为我们知道，终有一天我们将获得自由。 7.1.2 Different forms of parallelism 7.1.2.1 A series of words (1) Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men good-bye. 女人们跑了出来，涌向行军的队伍。她们有 的号啕大哭，有的放声大笑，有的则与亲人吻 别。 (2) How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, Seem to me all the uses of this world! 人世间的一切在我看来 是多么可厌、陈腐、乏味和无聊。 (3) An Englishman thinks seated; a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward. 英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想 ，爱尔兰人事后想。 7.1.2.2 A group of phrases (1) It was not anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the emotions that she had been prepared for. 那神情不是生气，不是惊讶，不是不满，不是 厌恶，也不是她所预料的任何一种感情。 (2) studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。 （4）And riding well, shooting straight, dancing lightly, squiring （殷勤陪伴女性）the ladies with elegance and carrying ones liquor like a gentleman were the things that mattered. 马要骑得好，枪要打得准，舞要跳得轻松， 女人要追得雅致，酒要喝得恰到好处。这些事 情才是他们所真正关心的。 7.1.2.3 A row of clauses (1) And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. （2） He who loses wealth loses much; he who loses a friend loses more; but he who loses courage loses all. 7.1.2.4 A series of sentences (1) Kind hearts are the gardens; kind thoughts are the roots; kind words are the flowers; kind deeds are the fruits. 仁慈的心是花园，美好的思想是根茎，漂亮的 语言是花朵，良好的行为是果实。 (2) Everything has suddenly gone quiet. Birds do not chirp. Leaves do not rustle. Insects do not sing. (4) Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人 准确. 7.2 Repetition 重复 7.2.1 Definition (1) It is the use of the same word, phrase, speech sound, etc. in a poem, speech, etc. (2) it is the repeating of the same words, or of the meaning in different words, for the purpose of making a deeper impression on the audience. 1. When Della had finished crying, she went to the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey back- yard. 2. Yesterday the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya. Last night Japanese forces attacked Hongkong. Last night Japanese forces attacked Guan. Last night Japanese forces attacked the Philippines. Last night Japanese forces attacked Wake Islands. And this morning the Japanese attacked Midway Islands. Ask for a Declaration of War Against Japan by Roosevelt 7.2.2 Forms of repetition 7.2.2.1 Immediate Repetition 连续反复 An immediate repetition is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase or sentence is repeated immediately to produce a special effect. Each time a word is repeated it requires added significance and even new implications, emphasizing a mood or feeling, or a feature of something. (1) Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in the petty pace from day to day To the last syllable （些许）of recorded time. 明天，明天， 又明天 光阴就这样一天一天地移步向前 直到最后一秒钟的时间。 （2） Happy, happy pair. None but the brave, None but the brave, None but the brave deserves the fair（美人）. 幸福，幸福的一对。 惟有英雄， 惟有英雄， 惟有英雄堪与美人匹配。 美满，美满，美满缘！ 只有英雄， 只有英雄， 只有英雄配红颜！ 7.2.2.2 Intermittent Repetition 间隔反复 The same element is repeated several times ,but some other element (or: elements ) is added between the repetition of the same element. (1) Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty. (2) If there be one single word in all the wealth of the English language which best describes the trait (特点）of General Grants character, that word is loyalty. Loyal to every great cause and work he was engaged in; loyal to his friends; loyal to his family; loyal to his country; loyal to his God. Intermittent Repetition can be subdivided into different groups: A) Anaphora (repetition of beginning words) (1) I see Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land, guarding the fields which their fathers have tilled from ti