全新版大学英语第四册 01,Unit one Fighting with the Forces of Nature,.,alliance: a union between countries or organizations 联盟,1.WTO is considered as the most powerful economic alliance in modern world2. Japan and Germany made their formal alliance in 1940.,.,weaken (使)虚弱 ， (使)变弱,1.The Asian financial crisis severely weaken some countries. 2.Over time, this disease will weaken and finally destroy every significant muscle in my body.,.,occupation 占领 ； 职业,1.During the Japanese occupation of China ,million of innocent Chinese people were killed by Japanese soldiers. Many schools have struggled to meet the educational requirements of new technology-based occupations.,.,engage 与交战 ；使从事；占用,1.The commander ordered the soldiers to engage the enemy immediately. 2.I have no time to engage in gossip .engage sb in sth The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in conversation .,.,raw 阴冷的; 未加工的; 生的,The Russian president says budget plans should be based on conservative estimates of future prices for raw materials. If you eat it raw, he suggested dipping it in vinegar.,Campaign: a series of military operations or planned activities with a particular aim. 战役，战争,Some people complained that too much money had been spent on political campaigns.,efficient: Able to work well or producing a satisfactory result without wasting time or resources. 有效的，便利的,Remote terminals in the home, connected to data banks, make the home the most efficient place to work in many cases. 家庭中与数据银行相连的远距离控制枢纽使家成为了一个在很多情况下都能工作的有利地方。,1.The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of Poland by Germany.2. Hitler badly miscalculated when he assumed the conquest of the USSR would be simple.,Conquest: defeat ,征服，打败,retreat: move back or withdraw when faced with danger or difficulty 撤退,1.After a fierce battle, the troops retreated southward.2. We adopted the following strategies: when the enemy advances, we retreat; when they retreat, we pursue. 我们采用了以下策略：敌进我退，敌退我进。,declaration:( followed by of) a formal announcement 宣布，宣称，声明,The opening speeches sounded more like declarations of war than offerings of peace.declaration of war 宣战,catch sb. off guard : take sb. by surprise 趁某人不备,1.The invitation to his wedding caught me off guard.2.The manager didnt know what to say. It was clear that my question had caught him off guard.,be bogged down: be unable to make progress 陷入泥潭，不能前进,1.Most of the tanks were bogged down because of mechanical defects and inexperienced crews.2.The local government got bogged down in problems of how to handle the emission of hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities.,take a gamble: take a risk冒险,we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble.我们很多人担心会陷入泥潭之中。我们营长决定冒一下险。,press on/ ahead: continue doing sth. in a determined way(不顾困难继续进行）,Press on/ ahead with sth.,Our school authorities are keen to press on with educational reform.,drag on: move slowly and with effort; continue endlessly and tediously. 费力地走，拖延,These compensation cases have already dragged on for one year.,bring to halt: stop completely 使停止,bring to death: 走向死亡 bring to life:复活 bring up:养大 bring out: 呕吐 bring about:带来,Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a halt by an air traffic controllers strike.,Turn the tide (against): change what looks like defeat into victory.扭转潮流,The appearance of Joan turned the tide of war.,thanks to : because of 多亏，幸亏,Thanks to their tireless efforts, the performance was a great success.Thanks to our teachers help, we finally all passed the examination.,more,take its / a toll: cause damage, injuries or deaths 造成损伤,Take its/ a toll of/on,The famine took a toll of 3,000,000 lives. His hard work has taken its toll on his stomach High wages have taken their toll on the Swedish economy.,Back,Text analysis : (Two invasions),Russia Napoleon Spring ,1812 600,000 Smolensk, Borodino, the Berezina River Snow, freezing temperature,Soviet Union Hitler 6/22/1941 The largest land campaign in history Leningrad, stalingrad Heavy rain, general mud, snow, freezing temperature,Text analysis: (The two invasions),October 1812,when Napoleon ordered a retreat Only 100,000 survived Napoleon abdicated and went into exile, his empire at an end,1943, when the Soviet troops pushed the German forces back Heavy losses Hitler committed suicide, his empire collapsing,Language focus:,But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow-the raw bitter, bleak Russian winter. 但是他没有料到在莫斯科遭遇劲敌- 俄罗斯阴冷凄苦的寒冬。,1.Desolate(没希望的2.Lonely（荒凉的） 3.Cold（阴冷的）,2. To his surprise, the Russians refused to stand and fight. To ones surprise 令人吃惊的是。 To ones delight 令人高兴的是。 To ones relief令人欣慰的是。 To ones disappointment。令人失望的是 To ones regret令人遗憾的是。 ,Text analysis,3. By nightfall, thirty thousand French and forty-four thousand Russians lay dead or wounded on the battlefield. Exhausted horses fell dead in their tracks.,4. As Hitlers armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, and early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years. 正当希特勒的军队逼近莫斯科时，寒冷的冬季早早地降临苏联，那是多年不遇的严寒。 The Ukraine farming region was again in Soviet hands. In these sentences, we use synonymous words to avoid repetition .,