Unit Four,How to Write Literature Review,How to Write Literature Review,What is a review of the literature? Stages of writing literature review Skills of writing literature review Tasks a literature review must do Elements comprised in literature review,What is a review of the literature?,A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by scholars and researchers.,What is a review of the literature?,In writing the literature review, your purpose is to demostrate a clear understanding of the topic being investigated, namely:what has been done on the topic? what different scholars have said about their own research? what major finding have been published? what controversial area exist?,文献综述概念（也叫文献阅读报告）,文献综述的概念(“review”, “summary” , “survey”, “past, present, and future”, etc.)意义和目的是总结和综合该方向前人已经做了的工作，了解当前的研究水平，分析存在问题，指出可能的研究问题和发展方向等。文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、分析研究和综合后提炼而成的一种学术论文，是高度浓缩的文献产品。 其特点是“综”和“述”“综”要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”则要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较全面的、深入的、系统的、客观的论述。,Ask yourself questions before writing a literature review,What is the specific thesis, problem, or research question that my literature review helps to define?2. What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy? quantitative research (e.g. on the effectiveness of a new procedure)? qualitative research (e.g., studies )?,Ask yourself questions before writing a literature review,What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government documents, popular media)? What discipline am I working in (e.g., nursing psychology, sociology, medicine)?,Ask yourself questions before writing a literature review,4. How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure Ive found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources Ive used appropriate for the length of my paper?,5. Have I critically analysed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them? Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses?,Ask yourself questions before writing a literature review,6. Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective? 7. Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and useful?,What is a review of the literature?,A literature review is a very important part of the research project. It may be a self-contained review like one as a separate assignment, but more often it is a part of the introduction to an academic essay.,文献中表达不同功能的常用句型P140,fuction 1：review the previous related studies eg: Many studies have been conducted on.Several authors have undertaken. by means of a statistical approach solving. fuction 2: state the previous studies limitation eg:However, there is little definite information concerning.However,previous research in this field has been limited / restricted to. fuction 3: announce the direction for their studies eg:could possibly be achieved with further study.Further research is still required with respect to.,Four stages,Problem formulationwhich topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? Literature searchfinding materials relevant to the subject being explored Data evaluationdetermining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic Analysis and interpretationdiscussing the findings/ideas and conclusions of relevant literature,文献综述的写作一般经过以下几个阶段： 选 题 （分析主题、学科和信息类型） 搜集阅读文献资料拟定提纲（归纳、整理、分析）成 文,Two skills,Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas: information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books critical appraisal（批判性评价）: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid（有效的） studies.,Four tasks,A literature review must do these things: be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing synthesize （合成，整合）results into a summary of what is and is not known identify areas of controversy in the literature formulate questions that need further research,2018/9/2,17,1. 文献综述 in its broad sense学科领域性文献综述 从严格意义上来说，学科领域性文献综述与“读书报告”或者“文献学习报告”更加相似，强调“综”而非“述”。这个综述的主要目的和任务是关注学科领域的轮廓,介绍学科发展的历史沿革、归纳整理主要研究流派和主要学术观点、理清热点研究方向。,2018/9/2,18,专题性文献综述专题性文献综述比较学科领域性综述而言，在范围上要更狭窄，讨论的问题要更具体、明确 。这个综述实际上是我们确定研究方向的重要标志，因此，在所关注的学科领域内选择自己感兴趣并有研究潜力的专题进行文献探讨，追踪理论前沿、发现和初步界定研究问题是本次文献综述的主要任务。,小结：如果我们把学科领域性文献综述比喻为一颗“树木”，那么专题性文献综述就是这颗树上分叉的“树枝”。对于本科生来说，应该先确定这颗“树”，再确定“树枝”，最后才是“开枝散叶”（也就是我们的论文）。,2 文献综述的不同分类,根据写作目的和内容的侧重点 动态性综述(developmental review) 成就性综述(result review) 争鸣性综述(contentious review) 按时间来划分 可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review) 前瞻性综述(prospective review)。 根据作者的参与情况， 可分为归纳性综述(inductive review) 评论性综述(critical review),