1 1. Pragmatics is the study of language in use. Pragmaticsis concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning Pragmaticsis the study of the expression of relative distance. Pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. 2. Syntaxis the study of the relationships between linguistic forms, how they are arrangedin sequence, and which sequences are well-formed. 3. Semanticsis the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally connect to things. 4. Deixis指示语 is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. It means pointing via language.Any linguistic form used to accomplish this pointing is called a deictic expression. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexicals. They are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis(such as, me , you ), or location via spatial deixis(such as here , there ), or time via temporal deixis (such as now , then ). 5. Proximal terms近指 are typically interpreted in terms of the speaker s location, or the deictic center指示中心. this , there , now , then near speaker 6. Distal terms远指 can simply indicate away from speaker , but, in some languages, can be used to distinguish between near addressee and away from both speaker and addressee. 7. Person deixis人称指示语clearly operates on a basic three-part division, exemplified例证 by the pronouns for first person, second person, and third person./ forms used to point to people, “ me ”you ” 8. Expressions which indicate addressee higher status are described as honorifics敬语 . 9. The discussion of the circumstances which lead to the choice of one of these forms rather than another is sometimes described as social deixis./forms used to indicate relative social status 10.A distinction between forms used for familiar versus a non-familiar addressee in some languages. This is known as the T/V distinction. 用复数形态来表示单数敬语，在语言中叫T-V distinction。此概念由1960 年的学者Brown 和Gilman 提出， 他们将第二人称单数分为两种形态：T 形态（T-form）和 V 形态（V-form） ，前者在非正式场合、尊称呼卑、 关系亲密的人之间使用，后者在正式场合、下级称呼上级、称呼陌生人的时候使用 11.exclusive we (speaker plus other(s), excluding addressee)； inclusive we (speaker and addressee included). 12.spatial deixis空间指示语- the relative location of people and things is being indicated.Eg, here,there/ forms used to point to location. 13.Yonder那边 (more distant from speaker) hither这边 (to this place) thence从那里 (from that place) 14.deictic projection指示投射manipulate speakers locationeg: I am not here now./speakers acting as if they are somewhere else. 15.psychological distance心理距离I don t like that . it is invested with meaning in a context by a speaker./speakers marking of how close or distant something is perceived感知 to be. 16.temporal deixis时间指示Back in an hour. the coming week./ forms used to point to location in time 17.It is clear that the present tense is the proximal form 近端形式and the past tense is the distal form 远端形 式 .if-clauses 18.In temporal deixis, the remote or distal form can be used to communicate not only distant from current time, but also distant from current reality or facts. 19.Discourse deixis/ textual deixis语篇指示语“ the use of expressions within some utterance to refer to some portion 部分 of the discourse that contains that utterance (i ncluding the utterance itself)”This is what he did to me. He ripped2 撕扯my shirt and hit me on the nose20. We might best think of reference as an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener, or reader, to identify something. 21. Reference, then, is clearly tied to the speaker s goals (for example, to identify something) and the speaker s beliefs (i.e. can the listener be expected to know that particular something?) in the use of language. 22. Those linguistic forms are referring expressions所指词语 , linguistic form which enables a listener, or reader, to identify something.which can be proper nouns专有名词(for example, Shakespear , Cathy Revuelto , Hawaii ), noun phrases 名词短语which are definite (for example, the author , the singer , the island ), or indefinite (for example, a man , a woman , a beautiful place ), and pronouns 代词(for example, he , her , it , them ).23. Inference 推断不在了 -死了24. attributive use 归属性用法using an expression to identify someone or something without being committed to the existence of an actual person or thing. meaning whoever/whatever fits the description .There s a man waiting for you.不确定的25. referential use 指称性用法using an expression to identify someone or something when the person or thing is assumed to be known. whereby I actually have a person in mind