英国文学史,期末复习提纲,1. Pre-Historical / Pre-Roman,The island we know as England was occupied by a race of people called the Celts(凯尔特人). One of the tribes（部落） was called as Brythons or Britons（古不列颠人） (where we get the term Britain),2. Roman Occupation（占有期）,St. Augustine（奥古斯汀） (the “other” St. Augustine!) lands in Kent in 597 and converts（转变） King Aethelbert (king of Kent（肯特）, the oldest Saxon settlement) to Christianity（基督教精神，教义） and becomes first Archbishop（大主教） of Canterbury（坎特 博雷 地名）.,English = ?,Celtic（凯尔特人） (from 1700 or 400 B.C. to 55 B.C.) + Latin （拉丁人）(from 55 B. C. to 410 A. D.) + German (from 410 A.D. to 1066 A.D.) + French (from 1066 A.D. to 1485 A.D.) = OLD ENGLISH and MIDDLE ENGLISH,The cultural influences,The Anglo-Saxons （盎格鲁撒克逊人）and the Normans（诺曼人 ）conquests（征服，战胜） much affected England. The cultural influences of these two conquests provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.,The setting（环境，设置） and the hero have nothing to do with England, for the story took place in Scandinavia（斯堪的纳维亚）. The story describes Beowulf in fighting against the monster Grendel（格伦德尔）, his revengeful（有复仇念头的） mother and a fire-breathing dragon. It is an example of the mingling（混合的） of nature myths（神话） and heroic legends.,The national epic poem（民族史诗） Of the Anglo-Saxons,Beowulf,The Old English Poetry,The themes of Beowulf,The first British national epic（民族史诗） ; It is the story of a Scandinavian warrior（战士） or knight（丹麦人） who comes to help a neighboring tribe（部落）, the Danes, who are being attacked by a monster. The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people （原始人）wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces （敌对势力）of the natural world under a wise and mighty （很，非常）leader. The poem mingles（混合） nature myths（自然神话） and heroic legends. It reflects（反射） a heroic age.,The Canterbury Tales（坎特伯雷故事集）,Geoffrey Chaucer（杰弗里乔叟） and his works,-Chaucers masterpiece（杰作） -In this novel, he presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English Society of his time and created characters from All walks of life.,The Canterbury Tales,Its in lusty humor and many other moods and styles. The kinds of people the book involved in are so many that it gives a cross-section (代表性) of medieval life.,Renaissance（文艺复兴） refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.It marks a transition（过渡，转变） from the medieval（中世纪的） to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑） and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance means rebirth or revival.,Humanism（人道主义）,the essence of （真髓）the Renaissance; Man is the measure of all things.（人是万物之灵） humanists not only saw the arts of splendor（光彩） and enlightenment（启迪）, but the human values represented in works; Human beings were glorious（光荣的） creatures capable of individual development for perfection.,(2) Poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson（本琼生）. (3) The real mainstream（主流） of the English Renaissance（文艺复兴） is the Elizabethan（伊丽莎白） drama.,The achievements of Christopher Marlowe （克里斯托弗马洛）in Literature,Christopher Marlowes Dr.Faustus （浮士德）,Sonnet（十四行诗） 18,Shall compare thee（你） to a Summers day ? Thou（你） art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds（芽） of May. And Summers lease（租约） hath（有） all too short a date.,Sonnet 18,In “Sonnet 18”, Shakespeare has a profound（）深厚的） meditation（冥想，深思） on the destructive power（破坏力） of time and the eternal（永恒的） and beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.,Shakespeares Four Tragedies,(1) Hamlet (2) Othello (3) King Lear (4) Macbeth,The Merchant of Venice（威尼斯商人）,The Merchant of Venice as a satire（讽刺） of the hypocrisy（虚伪） of Christians and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning（狡猾的） ways of pursuing （追求）worldliness（物质） and their unreasoning（不合理的） prejudice against （偏见）Jews（偏见）.,Romeo and Juliet,In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare eulogizes（颂扬） the faithfulness（忠诚） of lovethe spirit of pursuing（追求） happiness,Of Studies,“Of Studies ” is the most popular of Bacons（培根） 58 essays.It analyzes the main functions（主要功能） of studies, the different ways adopted（采用） by different people to pursue（继续，从事） studies, and how studies exert（发挥） influence over human character. Being forceful（强有力的） and persuasive（有说服力的）, compact（紧凑的） and precise（严格的）, “Of Studies ” reveals（揭示） to us Bacons mature attitude towards learning.,Of Studies,Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.,John Donne (15721631),He was the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry. Literary works：Donne wrote a large number of poems. The Elegies and Satires , The Songs and Sonnets Donne is best known by his The Songs and Sonnets.,