长沙新东方 张家铭,GMAT Writing -Analytical Writing Argument,2012新GMAT考试组成,一.GMAT写作考试总体介绍,1.驳论文（argument) 2.字数要求（300上下） 3.写作时间（30min) 4.话题种类（商业文件） 5.考试形式（机考） 6.长沙考点（湖南大学外语院3楼） 7.分数（6分，0.5区间）,二.什么是argument?,对原文推导出结论的逻辑过程发起攻击。 不攻击原文内容，只攻击其之间的逻辑。 原文的三个组成部分： C E A Conclusion Evidence Assumption,Evidence ConclusionAssumption,Argument逻辑错误范例,以下是新东方厨校总部发往各个分校的文件： 1993年至今，通过新东方英语学校出国的学生越来越多，而新东方最大的特色就是励志。小强2007年出国去了沃顿商学院，做为新东方的学生之一，表示正是听了新东方老师上课讲过的人生励志故事。他才终于成功出国。因此，我们厨校也要开展“励志计划”，所有的厨师在上课时必须要给自己的学员讲述自己年轻时的奋斗故事。,Argument逻辑错误分析,1.调查类错误：样本数太少，一个小强的案例不具有参考性。 2.假性因果：无法证明励志故事是学员成功出国的充分条件，有可能是因为学员成绩好，专业强。 3.时间外推类错误：2007年成功的案例不代表在现在也可以成功。 4.错误类比：英语学校的成功经验不代表在厨师学校中就同样适用。,Argument 逻辑错误分析,案例一：（某小女孩）*点读笔，哪里不会点哪里，妈妈再也不用担心我的英语了，学英语，so easy.案例二：女:我是你的什么? 男:你是我的优乐美啊. 女:原来我是奶茶啊. 男:这样,我就可以把你捧在手心了,范文分析,1. The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by Olympic Foods, a processor of frozen foods. “Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.” 下面摘自一家冷冻食品处理商（processor）奥林匹克食品提交给股东的年报：随着时间流逝，由于机构了解了做好事情的方法进而提高了效率，处理的成本会降低。比如在彩色胶卷处理方面，3/5英寸照片的成本从1970年的5天50cent降至1984年的1天20cent。同样的规律适用于食品处理方面。由于奥林匹克食品即将庆祝它的25岁生日，我们可以指望我们长期的经验会使我们达到最小的成本和最大的利润。,false analogy: The food industry is not analogous to the color film industry. causal oversimplification: Other factors that may contribute t to the cost decline of the printing cost should be considered and ruled out. gratuitous assumption: The conclusion of the argument is based on a gratuitous assumption that the company can minimize cost and maximize profit because the company has been conducted for 25 years.错误类比：color film processing和processing of food不相同。problems of spoilage, contamination, and timely transportation都只影响food 不影响film. 因果逻辑（忽略他因）。是否是因为组织更有效率才使COST下降的？很可能是material necessary for the process下降了价钱。所以，两者更不同。 因果逻辑（无端假设）：二十五年不代表学到了很多。很可能什么都没学到，或者技术已经out of date.,Citing facts drawn from the color-film processing industry that indicate a downward trend in the costs of film processing over a 24-year period, the author argues that Olympic Foods will likewise be able to minimize costs and thus maximize profits in the future. In support of this conclusion the author cites the general principle that “as organizations learn how to do things better, they become more efficient.” This principle, coupled with the fact that Olympic Foods has had 25 years of experience in the food processing industry leads to the authors rosy prediction. This argument is unconvincing because it suffers from two critical flaws. First, the authors forecast of minimal costs and maximum profits rests on the gratuitous assumption that Olympic Foods “long experience” has taught it how to do things better. There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does the author cite any evidence to support this assumption. Just as likely, Olympic Foods has learned nothing from its 25 years in the food-processing business. Lacking this assumption, the expectation of increased efficiency is entirely unfounded.,Second, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from the color-film processing industry are applicable to the food processing industry. Differences between the two industries clearly outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid. For example, problems of spoilage, contamination, and timely transportation all affect the food industry but are virtually absent in the film-processing industry. Problems such as these might present insurmountable 不可抗拒的obstacles that prevent lowering food-processing costs in the future. As it stands the authors argument is not compelling. To strengthen the conclusion that Olympic Foods will enjoy minimal costs and maximum profits in the future, the author would have to provide evidence that the company has learned how to do things better as a result of its 25 years of experience. Supporting examples drawn from industries more similar to the food-processing industry would further substantiate证实 the authors view.,三.AW的整体要求,写作准则： 1.语言多样化：词语多变化，句型有节奏。 2.结构标准化：整体三段式，段内用总分。 3.内容逻辑化：分段来攻击，前后有顺序。,三.AW的整体结构,三段式 开头段：1.归纳论点论据（简化与改写）2.指出错误个数（重点攻击） 中间段：1.分类攻击各个错误（独立/组合）2.三到四段（原则上不少于两段） 结尾段：总结归纳，提出建议。,写作语言标准,1.书面化 解决问题solve the problem? Reverse the adverse/disappointing trend,2.精准化 下义词的使用 花 玫瑰 百合 菊花 牡丹 A good writer shows in pictures rather than tells in words.-Mark Twain,尹爱华是个好老师。 Lovechina is a good teacher.,3.多变化 昔人已乘黄鹤去 此地空余黄鹤楼 黄鹤一去不复返 白云千载空悠悠 黄鹤 金鸟 橙雀,今天是个好天气。 我去了家很好的餐馆。 吃了顿好吃的饭菜。 啊我永远不会忘记这美好的一天 Mild/pleasant Delicately decorated/elegant/ Delicious/tasty Memorable/amazing/fantastic,