9/19/2018,1,Unit 5: Respiration,Definition of RespirationThe process that human body exchanges gases with the atmosphere.or The process of taking up oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from cells in the body.,Dyspnea & Apnea,Dyspnea means that there is air hunger. Apnea means no breathing.,9/19/2018,3,When you cant breathe, nothing else matters Slogan of the American Lung Association,9/19/2018,4,Main Topics,5.1. Pulmonary ventilationThe ventilatory pumpMechanics of ventilationElastic and non-elastic resistancesStatic lung volumeDynamic lung ventilation 5.2. Gas exchangeGas diffusionFactors that affect gas exchangeVentilation-perfusion ratio (VA/Q) 5.3. Gas transport in the bloodOxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide poisoning 5.4. The control of ventilationRespiratory center and the basic respiratory patternVoluntary control Chemosensory reflexesMechanical reflexes,5,2018/9/19,Who am I?,Name: 詹 仁知 E-mail: zhan0001sdu.edu.cn Location: 6-338,9/19/2018,6,网上学习材料,复旦大学上海医学院生理学精品课程 http:/sljpkc.fudan.edu.cn/第五章自测题库 http:/sljpkc.fudan.edu.cn/document/tkch-5.pdf,Conducting Zone and Respiratory Zone,Type 1 alveolar cells These cells are derived from type II alveolar cells and provide a thin layer of cytoplasm which covers about 80% of the gas exchange zone. Type II alveolar cells These cells allow the formation of surfactant and other enzymes. Type III alveolar cells These cells are the main lung defence system they are the alveolar macrophages.,9/19/2018,9,Main Functional Events of Respiration,9/19/2018,10,Terminology,Pulmonary ventilation （肺通气） The inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lung alveoli. Gas exchange（肺换气) Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood inside the pulmonary capillaries. Gas transport in the blood （气体在血液中的运输） Transports of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluid to and from the tissue cells. Tissue gas exchange（组织换气） The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells in different tissues.,9/19/2018,11,Terminology-Continued,External Respiration (外呼吸) Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood in pulmonary capillaries. It consists of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange.Internal Respiration (内呼吸) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells in different tissues. It consists of tissue gas exchange and biological oxidation.,9/19/2018,12,Summary,1. Breathing is essential to life.2. The primary function of respiration is to provide oxygen for metabolic needs and to remove carbon dioxide from cells in the body.3. The main functional events of respiration are pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport in the blood and tissue gas exchange.,9/19/2018,13,5.1. Pulmonary Ventilation,DefinitionPulmonary ventilation refers to the inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lung alveoli.,9/19/2018,14,Two Phases of the Breathing Cycle,Inspiration or inhalation（吸气） Inspiration is the movement of air into the lungsExpiration or exhalation（呼气） Expiration is the movement of air out of the lungs,2018/9/19,15,Normal Quiet Breathing vs. Forced Breathing （平静呼吸vs.用力呼吸）,9/19/2018,16,Abdominal Breathing vs. Thoracic Breathing（腹式呼吸vs.胸式呼吸）,9/19/2018,17,Lung Ventilation（肺通气）,Driving forceAgainstResistance,9/19/2018,18,5.1.1. The Ventilatory Pump,Chest wall（胸壁） Spine, ribs and sternum Respiratory muscles The diaphragm（膈肌） The main inspiratory muscle The intercostal muscles（肋间肌） The external intercostal muscles (inspiratory muscles) The internal intercostal muslces (expiratory muscles) Pleural cavity（胸膜腔）,9/19/2018,19,The Pleural Cavity （胸膜腔）,The pleural cavity is the potential space between the lungs and the chest wall, containing a small amount of pleural fluid,9/19/2018,20,Respiratory Muscles（呼吸肌）,1. Inspiratory Diaphragm（膈肌） External intercostal muscles（肋间外肌）,2. Accessory（辅助） Scalene（斜角肌） Sternocleidomastoid muscles（胸锁乳突肌）,3. Expiratory Abdominal muscles Internal intercostal muscles（肋间内肌）,9/19/2018,21,The Diaphragm（膈肌）,The most important muscle for inspiration,Contraction of the diaphragm pushes the abdominal contents（腹腔内容物） downward and lifts the ribs（肋骨） upward and outward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity in 3 directions.,9/19/2018,22,Pressures in Different Compartments,Barometric pressure （大气压） The atmosphere the air we breathe and live in, experts a pressure known as barometric pressure (PB). Pleural pressure or intrapleural pressure（胸膜腔内压） The pressure in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall is pleural pressure (Ppl). A decrease in pleural pressure causes the lungs to expand. The pleural pressure starts to decrease in the beginning of until the end of inspiration. Alveolar pressure or intrapulmonary pressure（肺内压） Alveolar pressure is the pressure inside the alveoli; it determines inward or out flow of air. Transpulmonary pressure（跨肺压） Transpulmonary pressure is the pressure difference across the lung wall (PA Ppl).,9/19/2018,23,The Negative (subatmospheric) Pleural Pressure,