Contract,1) Contracts for International Sale of Goods 2) Contracts for International Technology Transfer 3) Contracts for Sino-foreign Joint Ventures 4) Contracts for International Engineering Projects 5) Contracts for Compensation Trade 6) Contracts for Sino-foreign Cooperative Development of Natural Resources 7) Contracts for International Leasing Affairs 8) Contracts for Sino-foreign Credits and Loans,Categories of International Business Contracts,Useful Expressions,双边贸易合同 商业合同 修改合同 撕毁合同 撤消合同 执行合同 起草合同 签订合同 解除合同,bilateral trade contractcommercial contractrevise/alter/amend/modify a contractbreak/tear up a contract cancel a contractexecute / fulfill the contractdraw up/draft a contract enter into/make/sign a contract terminate a contract,仲裁 不可抗力 违约 条件/条款 争议的解决 约束力 当事人 违反,arbitrationforce majeurebreach the contractterms and conditionssettlement of disputesbinding forcepartiesviolation,Useful Terms,Features of Contract Language,1. Stereotyped 2. Formal and Legal1. At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.2. The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.,Use of Formal Words,3. Rigorous and clearShipment is to be made on or before March 31. The stipulation remains in force till May 2, 2006 (inclusive). RMB 2375.00 (SAY: RMB TWO THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY FIVE ONLY),Stylistic Characteristics,The referential use The seller, the buyer The exporter, the importer The shipper, the carrier, the forwarding company The insurer, the insured The consignor, the consignee The drawer, the drawee The payer, the payee The transferer, the transferee The contractor, the principal, the agent,Indicating time“hour, date, week, month” instead of “today”, “tomorrow”, “from now on”:Done at Hamburg, this thirty-first day of March two thousand and eight, in a single original, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic.,Using “shall” to prescribe obligations and liabilitiesThis contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed. Payment shall be effected within seven days after receipt of the shipping documents stipulated under Clause 10 of this contract.Using “be to do” Insurance is to be covered by the seller for 110% of invoice value against FPA and WR.,Using “should + subject + predicate verb”to indicate conditions and assumptionsShould an export license be required in order to ship goods of the contractual description, it shall be the duty of the seller at his own expense to apply for the license.,Using passive voicein stipulations on packing, insurance and liabilitiesPacking must be suitable for ocean shipment and sufficiently strong to withstand rough handling. Bales must be press-packed, with adequate inside waterproof protection and the outer wrapping must comprise good quality canvas. All bales must be marked “use no hooks”.,Using compound adverbs A. “here-”, indicating the Contract:hereafter = after this timeherebefore = until nowhereby = by means of thisherein = in thishereinafter = later in this contracthereinbefore = in a preceding part of this contracthereof = of thishereto = to thishereupon = at this pointhereunder = under thisherewith = with this,B. “there-”, referring to “that”thereby = by that means / in that connectiontherefrom = from thattherein = in that; in that particularthereafter = afterwardsthereof = of that mattertherinbefore = in a preceding part of the same contract thereon = on thatthereunder = under thatthereupon = then; as the result of thattherewith = with that or itthereto = to that,C. The “where-” group, with “where” meaning “which”, “what”: whereas = considering that; butwhereby = by what; by whichwherein = in what; in whichwhereon = on what; on whichwhereof = of what; of which,Using repeated synonyms to enforce formality:by and between terms and conditionsfor and on behalf ofupon and from,For example:Full set of clean “on board ocean bills of lading made out to order and blank endorsed, one of which being accomplished, the others stand null and void.This contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.,Present tense rather than future tense eg. Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following eventsDirect rather than indirect expressions. * This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full.This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full.,Unless otherwise specified in the credit, banks will accept transport documents indicating the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods.,Expressions: unless otherwise,Bank charges in respect of transfers are payable by the first beneficiary unless otherwise specified by the bank. The transferring bank shall have no obligations to effect the transfer until such charges are paid.,