Chapter 37,Inflammatory and Structural Heart Disorders Valvular Heart Disease,Valvular Heart Disease,Stenosis Valve orifice is restricted Impending forward blood flow Creates a pressure gradient across open valve Degree of stenosis reflected in pressure gradient differences,Regurgitation Incomplete closure of valve leaflets Results in backward flow of blood,Mitral Stenosis,Most adult cases result from rhematic heart disease Other causes Mitral valve becomes scarred and narrowed Left atrial overload eventually leads to right ventricular failure,Mitral Stenosis,Manifestations include fatigue, palpitations, dysrhythmias, low pitched diastolic murmur,Mitral Regurgitation,Mitral valve fails to close properly Usually chronic Blood flows back into left ventricle, elading to LA and LV dilation Manifestations include symptoms of LV failure, holosystolic murmur,Mitral Valve Prolapse,One or more of the mitral valve leaflets prolapses back into the left atrium during systole Usually congenital Usually benign, but can be problematic if it progresses to mitral regurgitation Most people asymptomatic, but manifestations may include CP, dyspnea and palpitations,Aortic Stenosis,Narrowing of the aortic valve causes obstruction of blood flow form the LV to the aorta during systole Common causes include congenital, rheumatic heart disease and senile or degenerative stenosis Manifestations: classic triad; systolic ejection murmur,Aortic Regurgitation,Aortic valve fails to close properly Blood flow back from the aorta into the LV during diastolevolume overload of LV Cause may be acute or chronic (rheumatic disease, bicuspid AV, autommune conditions) Manifestations include signs and symptoms of LV failure (late), waterhammer pulse, high pitched diastolic murmur,Tricuspid and Pulmonic disease,UncommonWill manifest as RV failure,Diagnosis of valvular heart disease,History and physical CXR ECG Echocardiogram Cardiac catheterization,Collaborative Care,Prophylactic antibiotic therapy Rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis Management of associated heart failure Vasodilators (except aortic stenosis) Inotropes (digoxin) Diuretics Beta blockers Anticoagulant therapy as indicated,Surgical Treatment,Percutaneous transluminal balloon valvuloplasty For stenotic disease Valve repair Eg, valvuloplasty, annuloplasty Valve replacement (prosthetic valves) Mechanical valvesBiological valvesChoice of valve depends on variety of factors,Surgical Treatment,Valve replacement Teaching ProphylaxisAnticoagulation,Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions,Activity intoleranceExcess fluid volumeDecreased cardiac outputDeficient knowledge,Chapter 37 Cardiomyopathies,Cardiomyopathy,Constitutes a group of diseases that directly affect the structural or functional ability of the myocardiumThree major types,Dilated Cardiomyopathy,Characterized by diffuse inflammation and rapid degeneration of the myocardium that results in ventricular and atrial dilation and impaired systolic function May develop acutely or insidiously Manifest as heart failure, often biventricular Causes (table 37-18),Dilated Cardiomyopathy,Interventions focused on improving heart failure Enhance contractility, decrease afterload Drugs Nitrates, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, aldosterone antagonists, anticoagulation Treat underlying disease process (as able) Cardiac resychronization therapy May require VAD or transplant,Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,Asymmetical left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation Primary defect is diastolic dysfunction May be idiopathic, often genetic Usually seen in young adults High risk of SCD Manifestations include dyspnea, fatigue, angina, syncope,Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,Collaborative management Reduce contractility and relieve outflow obstruction Drugs Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers Nitrates, digoxin contraindicated Avoid diuretics ICD placement Surgical treatment Teaching Avoid strenous activity Avoid dehydration Symptoms - elevate feet,Restrictive Cardiomyopathy,Impaired ventricular filling Manifestations include signs and symptoms of heart failure Treat to maintain cardiac output and manage symptoms,Patient and Family Teaching for Cardiomyopathy,Meds as prescribed Low sodium diet Hydration Avoid ETOH, tobacco and stimulants Balace activity and rest Avoid heavy lifting, discuss exercise with health care provider Stress reduction Report signs/symptoms of heart failure promptly May require IE prophylaxis,