1 英语的基本成分英语的基本成分主语主语 主语是句子叙述或动作的主体，表示句子说的是“什么人“或“什么事”。主语可 以由这些词类或形式来担任：名词、代词、名词化了的动词（动名词） 、数词等。 主语最常见的是由名词、动名词担任。 Mr lee is a well-known scientists. He reads newspapers everyday. Smoking is harmful to the health. To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.谓语谓语 谓语是对主语动作或所处的状态，指出主语“做什么”“是什么”。 谓语动词 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语一般由简单谓语或复合谓语(助动词或情态动 词+主要动词）构成。 简单谓语简单谓语:主要由实义动词充当。主要由实义动词充当。 I like walking.我喜欢走路。 Mary eats cakes.复合谓语复合谓语，可分为两种情况：可分为两种情况： 第一种第一种是由情态动词，助动词+动词构成的复合谓语：I can sing that song.我能唱那首歌 I will not do it again. 我不会再做它（指这件事 it one more time“）。 Ill go and move away the bag 我会移走这个袋子的。 I have read that book. 我已经看了那本书。第二种第二种是由连系动词+表语：一般系动词后面的成份叫做表语像 am 、is、 are 等后面（时态不限），而表语可以由名词词、名词性短语或名词性从 句还有形容词、形容词性短语或句子构成。 She is beautiful. I am a doctor.宾语宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或 相当于名词的词、短语来担任。英语的英语的及物动词及物动词后必须有宾语后必须有宾语。宾语一般 放及物动词之后,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。宾语有直接宾语和间 接宾语之分,即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语这两个宾语称为“双宾语”。Jack lends me a book My brother gives me a presents.He drinks a bottle of coke.表语表语 表语就是放在系动词后面，说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。 表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语常由名词、形容词从句 来充当， My father is a doctor. He is always careless. His work is teaching French All the students are on the playground定语定语 指用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词、短语或句子。主要有形容词来充 当，此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、定语从句。汉语中常表 示为“的”Lucy is a beautiful girl. (形容词)Mary is a chemistry teacher. （名词）He is our friend. （物主代词） Jim is the third child of his family. (数词)The man over there is my old friend. (介词短语)The work to be done is very important. (不定式)状语状语 指用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全局的词、短语或句子。从情况、时间、处所、方式、 条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心词进行修饰或限制。He is very handsome. (程度)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.（时间）I need time to do my homework.( 目的)If I am free, I will play with you. (条件)补足语补足语 用来说明宾语或者主语的性质，状态。宾补：在宾语后面补充或说明宾语的动作，状态， 特征。We will make them happy.I will have my bike repaired.Please make yourself at home.同位语同位语 指在名词或代词之后，对其做进一步解释或解释,在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数 词都可做同位语。We all are students。 （all 是 we 的同位语，都指同样的“我们” ）We students should study hard.(students 是 we 的同位语，都指同一批学生)2 五大基本句型五大基本句型掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 1主语主语+谓语谓语(不及物动词不及物动词) The sun rose. The bus comes. Who cares?2主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语 句子中系动词不能表达一个完整的意思，后面必须加上表明主语身份或状态的表语构成系 表结构才能表达完整的意思。目前我们学到的系动词主要是 Be 动词，be 动词本身没什么 意义，只起联系主语和谓语的作用。 She is a doctor. Mary is beautiful. I am a businessman.3主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语 这里的谓语都是有实际意义的及物动词，而且必须接宾语，才能使意思完整。 I like reading. She drinks water. David knows that man.4主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，直接宾语指物动作的承受着，间接宾语指人动作的受 益人。这样的动词不多，常用的有 give/pass/bring/show/lend Marry gives me a bag. Please pass me the salt. My father brings me a cake. My friends lend me a computer. 所有的这种句型可以把直接宾语提到谓语后面，换成：marry gives a bag to me/my father brings a cake to me。5主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾补宾补 宾补是对宾语的补充说明，宾语与宾补之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，如果没有宾补，则句子 意思不够完整。The sun keeps us warmI see him sing. We call him jackGary make me cry.练习：一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students get on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. Marry is a beautiful girl. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came here. 13. we students dont like this teacher. 14. Do you have a basketball? 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. 二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many d