Lecture 1 Reading Words,Section 2 Guessing Word Meaning by Using Context Clues,Pre-test,Marsha is really an introvert. When I took her to Jasons party, she sat in a corner without speaking to anyone. All she did was eat most of the snacks. The only reason she hangs out with me is because I never try to force her to be sociable. She would never forgive me if I introduced her to anyone. An introvert is usually _. a. friendly b. hungry c. unclean d. shy,Pre-test,Sunshine said, “Amber, why are you making such a big deal about Roberts hair? Yes, he did dye it purple. It is rather unusual for a guy to have purple hair. On the other hand, its not exactly going to change the course of world history. Its really quite a trivial matter.” What does “trivial” mean? a. strange b. unimportant c. disgusting d. dangerous,Pre-test,The European Commission published a consultative paper on its promise single currency, in which it suggested that there would have to be four years between a final decision to launch the new currency and its arrival in citizens pockets. It predicted that speculators would use the interval to make destabilizing bets on the final conversion rates of the old currencies. But the commission is sticking to its deadline of January 1999 for economic and monetary union.,Context clues,Context clues are words or groups of words surrounding the unknown word. when you meet an unknown word or a word the meaning of which you are not sure of, do not stop your reading to look up the word in the dictionary just yet. Reread the sentence(s) or read a little further and you may find some words in the context to help you understand the word you do not know. Sooner or later you can guess the meaning by using the context clues.,Types of context clues,3.1.Definition3.2.Restatement3.3.Examples3.4.Contrast3.5.Cause and Effect (Result) Relationship3.6.Modifier3.7 Explanation,3.1.Definition,The easiest way to guess the meaning of an unknown word is by looking at “definition”, which is given in the sentence by a signal that comes right after or before it. These signals include: verb “to be” (is, am, are.) means / mean that is to be called / is, are called refer to to be said to (is/ are said to ) punctuation marks; comma ( , ) , dash ( - ),3.1.Definition,3.1.Definition,Exercise 1,My little brother likes a soft kind of creamy candy called fudge. fudge = A small meal between breakfast and lunch, or lunch and dinner, is called a snack. A snack = The meat of deer is called venison. venison =,The most deadly animal in the world is a jelly fish called the sea wasp. sea wasp = In geometry, a plain figure of six sides and six angles is called a hexagon. a hexagon = Turnover rose to T $41.51 bn from T $ 35. 78bn. Turnover=,3.2.Restatement,In sentences there are usually phrases or clauses that repeat the idea of the unknown word. In other words, the phrase says the same thing as the unknown word. The unknown word may follow these signal words.- or- , that is to say- , that is- ,such as- , in other words punctuation marks, comma ( , ) , ( , , ) parentheses ( _ _ _ ) dash ( - ) , ( - - ),3.2.Restatement,3.2.Restatement,Exercise 2,Richard is a pacifist, who is opposed to war. A pacifist is The police couldnt find the sniper who shot a gun at Mr. Green from a hidden position. A sniper is The government is trying to improve living conditions in ghettos, where many poor people live. Ghettos means,Mr. Miller bought a hygroscope, which shows changes in moisture in the air. A hygroscope Mrs. Johnson thought she was a prophet who could forecast future events. A prophet is Electric power plants use turbines, which are engines that run by steam or water to produce electrical energy. Turbines are,3.3.Examples,In some sentences we can guess the meaning of the unknown word by the example given in the sentence. This is because most examples given in sentences give an explanation of the unknown word. The signal words that show that the sentence is giving an example are as follow: Such Such as For instance For example Like Especially As E.g. Including Punctuation marks such as - , ; : ( ),3.3.Examples,3.3.Examples,Exercise 3,Kathy was looking for a strong but light material to use for making her water jugs. Unfortunately, she chose noodelite. It proved to too porous to hold jelly.A porous material _.a. is good for holding things that you pour b. protects you in pouring rain c. allows liquids to flow through it d. is necessary for making bowling balls,The vertebrates can be divided into five groups : fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mamamals. Both sides battled for years. They were very far apart and could find no way to make a lasting peace. When the fighting finally came to an end, everyone was exhausted and embittered.What does “embittered” mean?a. very angry, resentful b. sour tasting c. humorous d. annoyed,3.4.Contrast,