文化研究與符號學 Cultural Studies & Semiotics,葉秀燕 Dr. Joyce Hsiu-yen Yeh 2005,符號學The Origins of Semiotics,研究符號(sign)的意義社會涵義(social significance) A mode of knowledge of understanding the world as a system of relations between knowledge & signs The sign=It is something that stands for something else.,符號學領域,指意的語言(denotative language)和自然語言及其它文化的符號系統(如空間或流行的涵義系統有關 涵義系統(system of signification)包含純粹主觀的論述式到客觀的、形式的、或科學的語言等指意性符號 延意性符碼(connotative code of culture)社會附着的價值，類似意識形態的形式研究,符號學相關領域,現象學 文學/語言學 空間研究 建築學/都市學 文化地理學 社會學/社會人類學 心理學/宗教研究 行銷/廣告學 電影/影像研究等,Ferdinand de Saussure 索緒爾 (1),瑞士語言學家 (linguist) 符號含有兩種成份(components) 符號=符徵(signifier) + 符旨(signified)A. 符徵/能指 是一個透過實物、聲音的文化性宣示 (the acoustic image of the spoken word as heard by the recipient of a message)B. 符旨/所指 則是符徵背後所承載的概念(the meaning called forth in the mind of the recipientresulting from the stimulation of the signifier)C. The sign is THREE things: the signifier, the signified, & the unity of the two.,Saussure 索緒爾 (2),The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary (獨斷的). The unity of signifier with the signified is culturally convention (文化約定俗成). Saussures sign is conditioned by cultural processes. Culture is a pan-linguistic phenomenon. Semiology: A way of studying all cultural forms, (such as fashion, architecture, cuisine) because they are also structured as a language. A mode of communication between language and speech,Charles Sanders Peirce 皮爾斯 (1),美國哲學家(philosopher) How people think language as a mode of information Peirces semiotics was a theory of logic that depended on language structure (語言結構). In Peircian semiotics, the material world is always implicit in the process of semiosis. Modes of representation & culture,Peirce 皮爾斯 (2),Peirce conceived of the sign as a three-part relation (或三要素):(1) a vehicle that conveys an idea to the mind (the representamen) .依據(2) another idea that interprets the sign (therepresetant)助釋(3) an object for which the sign stands標物,Peirce 皮爾斯 (3),“A sign stands for something to the idea which it produces, or modifies. Or it is a vehicle conveying into the mind something from without. That foe which it stands is called its object; that for which it conveys its meaning; and the idea to which it gives rise, its interpretant.” (1931: Volume 1: 339),Roland Barthes 羅蘭.巴特,Elements of Semiology (1967) Mythologies (1972) The signifier names directly a particular object or marks out plainly to what it is referring. For Barthes, the sign can itself become a signifier of another sign, a connotation, or second order sign, which signifies a cultural value (文化價值), such as status (地位). The same objects can also connote status and serve as the basis for ideological aspects of the social order (社會秩序), such as status differences. Ex: system of dress,物質符號學,研究符號系統的物質和社會過程 符號世界包括非生理部份的知覺(perception)、概念(conception)、科學的論述(scientific discourse) 主體社會建構之世界觀(world view) 社會互動(social interaction)的函數 物質的東西是涵義的承載與傳播媒體 象徵行為涉及物質的東西及附於其上的社會論述(social discourse)及文化系統(cultural system),物質符號學,從符號學來看，任何物質東西，在指意、(denotation)的層次都有自身功能(function)的符旨(signified)象徵延意(connotation)的層次兩面體(bifacial unit) 對日常生活中意識形態所扮演的角色，做一種唯物主義的探究 尋求符號與非符號的連接關係(articulation) 基於物質基礎，也受到特定歷史的生產方式性質所決定,物質符號之分解,符旨 = 內容 = 實體形式 符徵 表現 實體形式Signified = Content = Substance Form Signifier = Expression = Form substance,Topologique 拓樸學,研究標記元素之間相對位置與恆常秩序性 (許綺玲 2001: 137)。 影像符號學 (如攝影):指涉 (indice or index)關係原初符號生產方式及其接收方式與詮釋。 影像-觀察 影像-情感 影像-行動 (1980),Visual Texts 圖像文本,Photos stories 相片故事 (time/space) 構圖元素與修辭 composition & rhetoric Style 風格 Out of frame stories 相本外框 Photo acting 攝影機制,