英语应用能力考试中的分词与独立主格,主要内容1. 通过例句讲解分词作状语的理解技巧。 2. 通过例句讲解分词作定语的理解技巧。 3. 独立主格结构的四个特征。 4. 独立主格的用法。重点和难点1.掌握两个语法项目的理解技巧。 2.弄清两个语法项目的区别与用法。,理解技巧一分词的掌握1.分词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常应与句子的主语一致。 2.现在分词表示主动，进行。过去分词表示被动，完成。 3. 从一个复杂的句子中精确地找出主语，然后以主语为标准，才能确定主动或被动。,一、分词作状语 1. (be) _ sick, I am often absent from class.我经常因病缺课。（原因） 2. (see) _ the PLA men, the children rushed to greet them. 3. (see) _ from the top of the hill, the park looks very beautiful.,Being,Seen,Seeing,理解技巧二 a.两动作几乎同时发生或接着发生时 b.主语能发出分词的动作用主动V-ing；被动用V-ed c.如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前用 having done; 被动用having been done,从山顶看去，那个公园很漂亮。,4. (give)_ more time, we could do it much better. 5. _his key, he couldnt enter the room. A. Having been lost B. He had lost C. Having lost D. Losing 6. _ several times, he knew the fact at last. A. Told B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told 7.(not receive) _ an answer, he decided to write another letter.,Not having received,Given,8. He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope9. She is writing a letter to a friend of hers, _himto the party .A. having invited B. inviting C. to invite D. invited,(Compare: He sent me an E-mail and hoped to get further information. ),(Compare: She is writing a letter to a friend of hers to invite him to the party .),10. When first (introduce)_ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. 11. While _(wait) there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 12. Well not attack unless (attack) _ .,introduced,注：分词短语有时可由连接词while, when, unless, though, if 等引导。,waiting,attacked,二、分词作定语理解技巧三a. 现在分词用来修辞名词或代词表示这个被修辞的名词和动词之间是主动关系，即V-ing。 b. 被修辞的名词或代词跟动词之间是被动关系,则需要用动词的过去分词形式, 即V-ed 。,1. A little child (learn)_ to walk often falls.学走路的小孩常常跌跤。 2. The man (talk) _ with my father is Mr. Wang.3. Only the people (invite)_ can have dinner here. 注：be 的现在分词 being 不能用作定语放在名词前，但可用在分词被动形式中。如：,learning,invited,Only the people (being) invited can have dinner here. 只有受到邀请的人才能在此用晚餐。 (invite) _ people came to the dinner on time.,Invited,talking,理解技巧四分词作定语时与其所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。 被动意义的分词作定语时的用法：done 表示已经完成的动作 to be done 表示尚未开始的动作 being done 表示正在进行之中的动作,4. This is one of the problems _ at the meeting at present. A. discussed B. discussing C. to be discussed D. being discussed 5. The problem _ tomorrow has something to do with our daily life. A. discussed B. discussing C. to be discussed D. being discussed 6. The problem (discuss)_ at the meeting yesterday is still unsettled.,discussed,独立主格,由于没有人反对，新计划就通过了。 a. As nobody had any objection, the new plan was adopted.b. Nobody having any objection, the new plan was adopted.独立主格在句中用作状语，表示时间、原因、让步、 条件、伴随等。,理解技巧五“独立主格”结构四个明显的特征：第一, 其主语与主句主语不同，它有自己的逻辑主语。第二, 在句中作状语。第三, 常有一逗号将它与含有主谓部分的主句隔开。第四，位置灵活，置于句首、句末或句中。顾名思义，因为独立主格结构有自己独立的主语， 在形式上与主句没有联系，而充当逻辑主语的名词或 代词必须采用主格形式，而非所有格形式，故称独立 主格。,Identify the following sentences As nobody had any more to say, the meeting was closed.Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. Nobodys having any more to say, the meeting was closed.Nobody had any more to say, the meeting was closed.Nobody had any more to say and the meeting was closed.注：英语中逗号不能连接两个句子，须用and。,独立主格构成方法： 一、带分词(V-ing / V-ed)的独立主格V-ing 表示主动意义；V-ed 表示被动意义。It (be)_ strange, we believe it to be true. 虽然奇怪，但我们相信它是真实的。All things (consider)_, he is the best man for the job. 考虑到各种因素，他是这项工作的最佳人选。The decision having been made, the next problem is how to make a good plan.（时间的前后） 作出决定后，下一个问题是如何做出一个好的计划。,being,considered,eg. The proposal_, we will have to make another decision about when to start the project.A accepted B accepting C to accept D be accepted这个句子中的两个部分分别有各自的主语，但中间无任何连词（and, so, after)，所以应该用独立主格结构。 如选，其句子应是： The proposal is accepted and we will have to make another decision about when to start the project.根据题意，“proposal”在逻辑上与选项是被动关系，所以选,二、带不定式的独立主格Both of them left home, one to go shopping, the other to go to the station to meet his friend. 他们俩人离开家后，一个去买东西，一个去车站接的朋友。,三、带形容词或副词的独立主格He was looking at Mary, his face white with anger. 他看着玛丽，脸色气得发白。 The meal over, we began to work again. 吃晚饭，我们又开始干活。四、带介词的独立主格He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆,五、with的复合结构作独立主格 with +宾语+现在分词,表示主动意义 (正在进行或发生)with +宾语+过去分词,表示被动意义(已经完成)He fell asleep with the lamp (burn)_. 他没有熄灯就睡着了。 With the job (finish)_, we went to the seaside for a holiday. 工作完成了，我们到海边去度假。,burning,finished,Thanks,