中国文化概况,主讲教师:朱丽明,牛刀小试,元宵节，端午节，中秋节 红楼梦，三国演义西游记 中国共产党，全国人民代表大会，香港特别行政区，计划生育政策 炎黄子孙，中国书法 长城，故宫，长江三峡,牛刀小试答案,元宵节The Lantern Festival，端午节 The Dragon Boat Festival，中秋节The Mid-Autumn Festival 红楼梦A Dream of Red Mansion，三国演义The Romance of the Three Kingdoms西游记Journey to the West; Pilgrim to the West 中国共产党Chinese Communist Party，全国人民代表大会the National Peoples Congress，香港特别行政区Hong Kong special Administrative Region，计划生育政策 Family Planning Policy,牛刀小试答案,炎黄子孙descendents of Yandi and Huangdi，中国书法Chinese Calligraphy 长城the Great Wall，故宫 the Palace Museum; the Forbidden City，长江三峡the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River,Chinese History,Chinese history can be divided into three periods: the legendary period, the ancient period (2070 B.CA. D1840), the modern period (1840-present).,Legendary period,The Creation of the World(开天辟地)Pan GuHistory of the Three Emperors and Their Five Successors written by Xu Zheng recorded the legend of Pangu.,盘古,Legend about Pan Gu,Before the Creation, heaven and earth were in chaos(浑沌). Pan Gu, the Creator was born in it. After about eighteen thousand years, the heaven began to be separated from the earth. The light, clear and shining matters rose up and formed the heaven, whereas the heavy and dark matters sank down and formed the earth. Pan Gu was in between. With his head touching the heaven and his feet standing on the earth, he changed himself nine times one day, holier than both the heaven and the earth. Everyday the heaven rose more than three meters higher, the earth also thickened itself over three meters thicker, while Pan Gu also grew over three meters taller. This went on for eighteen thousands of years and the heaven rose extremely high, the earth became extremely thick, and Pan Gu also extremely tall and big. Then there were born the three august figures: Shennong, Fuxi and Huangdi.,FuXi （伏羲）,Fuxi was considered the first real ruler. He taught people how to devise tools, kindle(点燃) fire and cook food, how to domesticate(驯养) animals and tend flocks(禽群). He also devised the mysterious Eight Trigrams (八卦) which were used for divination（占卜）. 伏羲氏是上古的一位睿智的首领，也是上古的“三皇”之一，他在我国古代医疗的发展过程中起着重要的作用。 伏羲氏，姓风氏，传说中，他为人民作了许多有意义的事情。他指导臣民制造工具，结网打鱼，投矛狩猎，也开创了人类历史上通过劳动主动获取食物的新纪元。,Yandi Shennong炎帝神农,He was the god who invented farming and was the first to use herbs（药草） for medical use. According to the legends, Yandi Shennong had a wonderful whip. By lashing various kinds of herbs, it could distinguish whether they were poisonous or not, and what effect they might produce. With this whip, he cured diseases with herbs as medicine.,Yandi Shennong炎帝神农,It is said, once Yandi divided his tribe into several groups and led them to migrate eastward and fight against Huangdi, but he was defeated. Then he turned to Huangdi and formed a union with him. After they defeated Chiyou, the legendary chief of a tribe, they lived and multiplied in the middle and lower valleys of the Yellow River for many years. The united tribe by Yandi and Huangdi, the two august figures of the earliest history of China, formed the main trunk of the Huaxia nationality（华夏民族） which changed itself into Han nationality in the later times, so the later generation of Chinese nationality is called the “descendants of Yandi and Huangdi.”(炎黄子孙),Huangdi 黄帝,Huangdi, whose family name being Ji, literary name Xuan Yuan, the famous chief of a united tribe living in the middle and lower valley of the Yellow River about 4000 years ago, has been worshipped as the common ancestor of Chinese nationalities. He invented the wheel and carts drawn by oxen and discovered the art of making pottery. He improved communication by building roads, bridges and ships. Under his administration, precious stones, gold and copper were introduced to serve as money.,Five August Emperors,Five August Emperors in the legendary period are：Shaohao(少昊)，Zhuanxu（颛顼），Gaoxin（高辛），Yao（尧），Shun（舜）,Ancient Period,Ancient Period 2100 B.CA. D1840,1. Xia Dynasty夏朝(2100-1600B.C) (1) The Xia Dynasty is the first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records. Traditionally, it is supposed to have begun with the reign of Yu the Great(大禹), and ended with the fall of Jie (桀) (2) The Xia Dynasty marked an evolutionary stage between the late Neolithic（新石器时代） cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang Dynasty. (3) And it was in this period that the institution of slavery began developing.,How Yu, the Great, Conquered the Flood,Dig ditches instead of building dams Thrice he had gone past his own house without even looking in.,大禹治水,Ancient Period 2100 B.CA. D1840,2Shang Dynasty 商朝(1600-1100B.C) (1)Shang Dynasty founded by Shang Tang, lasted over 500 years. (2)Shangs civilization was based on agriculture, hunting and animal husbandry(饲养). (3)During the Shang Dynasty, the technology of smelting bronze(青铜) was invented and some iron tools were known to be in use already. (4) The Shang Dynasty has the earliest recorded written history, because a writing system was developed, as revealed on tortoise shells and flat cattle bones. The current Chinese language has developed from the inscriptions on the oracle bones.(甲骨文),