Attributive Clause,Relative Clause,定义: 所谓定语从句，就是在复合句中起定语作用以修饰主句中的名词或代词的从句，又称作形容词性从句。 两个重要概念: Antecedent(先行词)：放在定语从句前，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。 Relative(关系词)：用于引导定语从句的引导词，通常被放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用，以表明两者之间的修饰关系，同时它还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。,关系词,关系代词(Relative Pronoun): 所谓关系代词就是指起代词作用的关系词，它们在引导定语从句的同时，还在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、宾语等，英语中比较常用的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等。关系副词(Relative Adverb): 关系副词就是指起副词作用的关系词，它们在引导定语从句的同时，还在定语从句中充当状语等，英语中比较常用的关系副词只有三个，即when, where和why。,关系代词引导的定语从句 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. Please pass me the book whose (=of which) cover is green. The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 关系代词的省略：当关系代词在定语从句中用作宾语的时候。在定语从句中能够用作宾语的关系代词有that, which, who, whom。,注意: 我们说的关系代词的省略只限于限制性定语从句，在非限制性定语从句中，即使关系代词用作宾语也不能省略。另外，当关系代词直接用作介词后作宾语时，此时也不能省略。 Eg: I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人,关系副词引导的定语从句 There comes a time when you have to make a choice. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?,关系代词that 和 which 的用法区别:只能用that的情况: 最高级、不定代词、序数词、正是(very, just)、疑（主句是疑问句）、表（先行词在从句中做表语）、人物（人和物同时做先行词）。 只能用which的情况: 1.在介词后 2.引导非限制性定从句,Look at the girl and the dog that are crossing the street. This is the most interesting book that Ive ever read. When we see anything that happen on the island, were so glad. Which is the bike that you lost? The building in which Han Mei studied was very old. Johns dog, which was very old now, became ill and died.,分类: 根据从句与主句的关系是否紧密来区分，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。 限制性定语从句(Restrictive attributive clause) 对先行词起修饰、限制或确定的作用，若去掉，先行词的意思就不明确，它是不可缺少的一部分，它与先行词的关系密不可分，不可用逗号将其分开。 非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictive attributive clause):起补充说明作用，只是附加成分，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。,He didnt pass the exam that was too difficult. (限制)他没有通过那个很难的考试。 He didnt pass the exam, which disappointed me. (非限制)他没有通过考试，这令我很失望。 This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）,限制性定语从句和 非限制性定语从句的区别: 1) 从结构上来看，限定性从句不能用逗号与先行词分开；而非限定性从句却必须用逗号分开。引导非限定性从句的关系代词不能省略。 The clock (that/which) my great-grandfather bought to me is still in good order. The clock，which my great-grandfather bought, is still in good order. 2) 两种形容词性从句往往赋予同一个先行词以不同的含义。 My sister who lives in London is a doctor.我住在伦敦的妹妹是医生。 My sister, who lives in London, is a doctor.我的妹妹是一个医生，她住在伦敦。,3) 非限定性从句可以把整个主句当作先行词，而限定性从句没有这种功能。非限定性从句修饰整个主句时，只能用which或as来引导。I said nothing，which made him still more angry.She has married again, as seemed natural.,值得注意的特殊定语从句分裂式定语从句 强调式定语从句 混杂式定语从句 多重定语从句 省略式定语从句,分裂式定语从句,由于先行词有别的修饰语,或者话语间插入了其它成分,或者为了强调等某种特殊的需要,定语从句和它修饰的先行词被分裂开了,这种现象叫做分裂式定语从句。常见的形式有:1. 被作定语的介词短语分开。这是因为介词短语相对较短的缘故(在英语里,相对较短的同类句子成分应该放在前面)。 Eg: We were honored to meet the chief of an African tribe there, who warmly received and feasted us.我们荣幸地见到了那儿的一个非洲部落酋长,他热情地接见并款待了我们。 2. 被谓语分开。当主句的谓语部分较短,而定语从句又相对较长时,为了保持句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,而将定语从句放到谓语后面。 Eg: The professor is sleeping who has just come back from abroad after a long journey.刚刚长途跋涉从海外归来的教授正在睡觉。,强调式定语从句,强调式定语从句指的是It is / was . that / who . 结构。在这种结构中,先行词以被强调的形式出现,定语从句通常只能用关系词that 或who引导, 指人时,二者皆可使用;指事、物时通常用that引导,但是当被强调者在从句中作主语、宾语或者表语时,也可以用which引导(注意,作状语时不能用which引导)。例如:It was Chinese who / that made the four great inventions which have brought such great progress to mankind.是中国人创造了四大发明,为人类带来了如此巨大的进步。It is happiness instead of money that / which everyone seeks.人们所追求的是幸福,而不是金钱。 It was not until then that I knew we had been deceived.直到那时我才知道我们被欺骗了。注意: 被强调的是主语时,要用人称代词的主格形式。eg: It was I, not he, that / who am to blame for this.该对此事负责的应该是我,而不是他。,混杂式定语从句,有时定语从句的关系词与从句中的句子成分之间会插入“人称代词 + think / believe / guess等”表猜测等态度的句子。这种定语从句被称为混杂式定语从句。在学习英语和做英语试题时,我们可以把它当作一个插入成分看待,这样处理比较容易理解。eg: That evening some Chongqing people saw something that they thought was a UFO flying across the sky.那天傍晚,一些重庆人看到了他们认为是不明飞行物的东西从天空中飞过。Many college students have mastered computer, driving and foreign languages, which we all know are the most important things in todays society.很多大学生都掌握了计算机、驾驶和外语,我们都知道这些在当今社会是非常重要的。,多重定语从句,两个或两个以上的定语从句同时修饰一个先行词时,这样的定语从句叫做多重定语从句。eg: Tibet is a place where the Tibetan people have been living for generations and which / that all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.西藏是西藏人民世代生活的地方,也是全世界的人都渴望去观光游览的地方。He said he would never forget the moment when he first met Gorky and which he regarded as the happiest in all his life.他说他永远忘不了第一次与高尔基相见的那一刻,那一刻被他视作人生中最幸福的一刻。注意: 多重定语从句的特点之一是:即使在从句中作宾语或表语,第二个以及之后的所有关系词都不能省略,以免引起句意的模糊不清。例如:China is an attractive country which has the largest population, where there are lots of mysterious stories and legends and that many westerners are still not familiar with.中国是一个充满魅力的国家,她拥有世界上最多的人口,有许多神秘的故事和传说,但也是很多西方人还不熟悉的国度。,省略式定语从句,在含将来意义的定语从句中,我们可以省略主语和谓语的一部分(主要是情态动词和助动词),而代之以“介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式,这叫做省略式定语从句,或者叫做定语从句的省略形式。例如:I intend to make friends with some Frenchman from whom to improve French.(完整句式是: I intend to make friends with some Frenchman from whom I can improve my French.)我打算交个法国朋友,从他那儿我可以提高法语水平。She dreams of earning a big sum from the stock market with which to buy her family a big flat. (完整句式是:She dreams of earning a big sum from the stock market with which she can buy her family a big flat.)她很想从股市赚一大笔资金给她的家人买一套大公寓。注意: 此时主句的主语必须与不定式的逻辑主语一致,否则不能改成省略式定语从句。例如:Stock is a capital with which factories or companies can develop themselves.股票是工厂或者公司用来谋求自身发展的一种本钱。这里不能改成省略式定语从句,因为主句和从句的主语不同。,