Grammar 1,Non-defining attributive clauses,Sun Yat-sen, who became President of the Republic of China in 1912, died in 1925. The building of the Grand Canal, which is the worlds longest canal, began in 486 BC. The section of the canal, which was built in the seventh century, was mainly used for rice transportation.,Do activity 2 and check your answers:,The Yangtze river, which is more than 6,000 kilometres long , is the third longest river in the world. The Three Gorges Dam, which will generate a large amount of energy , is the biggest construction project in China. Mao Zedong, who is a great leader of China ,wrote a poem about a dam across the Yangtze River.,Do activity 3 and check your answers:,The differences between the clauses,定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。 1. Does the clause contain essential information or extra information?限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开.,2. How do we translate the defining attributive clause and non-defining attributive clause respectively?,This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性)归纳：限制性定语从句翻译成一个后置定语；非限制性定语从句翻译成与主句相并列的分句,3. Does the antecedent（先行词） in both clauses have any features? (1) Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. (2) My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.(3) This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.,归纳：当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。,M,4. Can the antecedent be the whole sentence (the main sentence)? (1) He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. (2) As is known to all, Ba Jin is a famous writer.,which, as 作关系代词，引导的非限制性定语从句, as和which可代整个主句。 1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首或后置，而which引导的定语从句只能后置。,2)as的意思为“正如/就像-那样”，which翻译为“这，这一点”，相当于and this或and that.,正如你会看到的，我绝不会使你失望的。 As you will see，I will never let you down,as常与从句中的know，see， hear，expect等动词连用,As is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health.,He was absent, as is often the case（常有的事）,蜘蛛不是昆虫，而许多人却认为蜘蛛是昆虫。,Spiders are not insects, as many people think.,她是一个很出色的歌唱家，和她母亲当年一样。 She is a fine singer，as her mother used to be 她和你年龄一样大。 She is the same age as you (are). 与same.as 连用 我希望有一本和你正在用的一样的词典。I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using. 与such.as连用,假如要说明两者有相似之处时通常用as，表达“正如、像的一样”的意思。,Fill in the blank with as or which.,1.John, _ you expected, won the first prize. 2. Alice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise. 3. _ is often the case, he stays up before the exam. 4. He is from the north, _ we can see from his accent. 5. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirts, _ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.,as,which,As,as/which,which,5. Can the relative pronouns (关系代词）be omitted?,(1)They talked of things and persons (that )they remembered in the school. (2) In the dark street, there wasnt a person to whom she could turn for help. (3) His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. (4) He said he had been to Paris several times, which I dont believe.,归纳：在限制性定语从句中，如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，常可省略，但关系代词跟在介词之后不能省略。非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略。,Summary,wg,Summary,提示:限制性定语从句修饰前面的名词，使其有别于其他同 类名词，可以清楚表达所修饰名词的特征。,Translation 1.告诉我这件事的那个人拒不说出他的姓名。,The man who told me this refused to give me his name.,2. 他弄出的响声把大家都吵醒了。,The noise that he made woke everybody up.,提示： 非限制性定语从句位于名词之后，不做限定性描述，仅作说明和补充。,3. 彼得开了整整一天车，他建议在下一个城镇停留。,Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.,4.她送给我这本词典，这是她在书店买的。,She gave me this dictionary, which she had bought in the bookshop.,it,Correct the sentences:,1. Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday._2. Is that factory which your father once worked in? _3. The man whom I spoke is from Canada. _4. July 1,1999 is the day when well never forget. _,which,_,to,the,5.Is that the small town you often refer to? Right, it is just where you know I used to work for years.,the one,间隔性的定语从句 Do you know any shops nearby where I can buy some flowers? There is nothing left that is valuable. I read a funny story when I was at school which I still remember clearly today.,Grammar 2,Contraction of attributive clauses定语从句的缩略,1.I met a man who my grandfather worked with thirty years ago. = I met a man my grandfather worked with thirty years ago. 2.I wanted to visit the house that my grandparents lived in. =I wanted to visit the house my grandparents lived in. 方法一： 省去在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词,I know the men who are sitting in that car.= I know the men sitting in that car. 2. The boys helped the people that were hurt in the accident. =The boys helped the people hurt in the accident. 3. The men who were responsible for the school refused to consider the matter.= The men responsible for the school refused to consider the matter. 4. The apples which are in the box are bad.= The apples in the box are bad. 方法二：直接略去作主语的关系代词who, which 或 that以及be 动词。,1.The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking .2.They have visited the museum which lies nearby. They have visited the museum lying nearby.方法三：如果定语从句是表示现在（当时）的状态，可将从句缩略为现在分词短语。,