为了适应公司新战略的发展，保障停车场安保新项目的正常、顺利开展，特制定安保从业人员的业务技能及个人素质的培训计划CCF中学生学术训练计划PROAnimalTestingCONAnimalTesting1.Animaltestinghascontributedtomanylife-savingcuresandtreatments.TheCaliforniaBiomedicalResearchAssociationstatesthatnearlyeverymedicalbreakthroughinthelast100yearshasresulteddirectlyfromresearchusinganimals.9Experimentsinwhichdogshadtheirpancreasesremovedleddirectlytothediscoveryofinsulin,criticaltosavingthelivesofdiabetics.101Thepoliovaccine,testedonanimals,reducedtheglobaloccurrenceofthediseasefrom350,000casesin1988to223casesinXX.112,113Animalresearchhasalsocontributedtomajoradvancesinunderstandingandtreatingconditionssuchasbreastcancer,braininjury,childhoodleukemia,cysticfibrosis,malaria,multiplesclerosis,tuberculosis,andmanyothers,andwasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofpacemakers,cardiacvalvesubstitutes,andanesthetics.10,11,12,13ChrisAbee,DirectoroftheUniversityofTexasAndersonCancerCentersanimalresearchfacility,statesthatwewouldnthaveavaccineforhepatitisBwithoutchimpanzees,andsaysthattheuseofchimpsisourbesthopeforfindingavaccineforHepatitisC,adiseasethatkills15,000peopleeveryyearintheUnitedStates.142.Thereisnoadequatealternativetotestingonaliving,whole-bodysystem.Livingsystemslikehumanbeingsandanimalsareextremelycomplex.Studyingcellculturesinapetridish,whilesometimesuseful,doesnotprovidetheopportunitytostudyinterrelatedprocessesoccurringinthecentralnervoussystem,endocrinesystem,andimmunesystem.9Evaluatingadrugforsideeffectsrequiresacirculatorysystemtocarrythemedicinetodifferentorgans.15Also,conditionssuchasblindnessandhighbloodpressurecannotbestudiedintissuecultures.9Computermodelscanonlybereliableifaccurateinformationgleanedfromanimalresearchisusedtobuildthemodelsinthefirstplace.161.Animaltestingiscruelandinhumane.AccordingtoHumaneSocietyInternational,animalsusedinexperimentsarecommonlysubjectedtoforcefeeding,forcedinhalation,foodandwaterdeprivation,prolongedperiodsofphysicalrestraint,theinflictionofburnsandotherwoundstostudythehealingprocess,theinflictionofpaintostudyitseffectsandremedies,andkillingbycarbondioxideasphyxiation,neck-breaking,decapitation,orothermeans.47TheDraizeeyetest,usedbycosmeticscompaniestoevaluateirritationcausedbyshampoosandotherproducts,involvesrabbitsbeingincapacitatedinstockswiththeireyelidsheldopenbyclips,sometimesformultipledays,sotheycannotblinkawaytheproductsbeingtested.48,49ThecommonlyusedLD50(lethaldose50)testinvolvesfindingoutwhichdoseofachemicalwillkill50%oftheanimalsbeingusedintheexperiment.65,102TheUSDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)reportedinXXthat97,123animalssufferedpainduringexperimentswhilebeinggivennoanesthesiaforrelief,including1,395primates,5,996rabbits,33,652guineapigs,and48,015hamsters.262.Alternativetestingmethodsnowexistthatcanreplacetheneedforanimals.Invitro(inglass)testing,suchasstudyingcellculturesinapetridish,canproducemorerelevantresultsthananimaltestingbecausehumancellscanbeused.15Microdosing,theadministeringofdosestoosmalltocauseadversereactions,canbeusedinhumanvolunteers,whosebloodisthenanalyzed.Artificialhumanskin,suchasthecommerciallyavailableproductsEpiDermandThinCert,ismadefromsheetsofhumanskincellsgrownintesttubesorplasticwellsandcanproducemoreusefulresultsthantestingchemicalsonanimalskin.15,50,51Microfluidicchips(organsonachip),whicharelinedwithhumancellsandrecreatethefunctionsofhumanorgans,areinadvancedstagesofdevelopment.ComputerFurthermore,eventhemostpowerfulsupercomputersareunabletoaccuratelysimulatetheworkingsofcomplexorganssuchasthebrain.123.Animalsareappropriateresearchsubjectsbecausetheyaresimilartohumanbeingsinmanyways.Chimpanzeesshare99%oftheirDNAwithhumans,andmiceare98%geneticallysimilartohumans.9Allmammals,includinghumans,aredescendedfromcommonancestors,andallhavethesamesetoforgans(heart,kidneys,lungs,etc.)thatfunctioninessentiallythesamewaywiththehelpofabloodstreamandcentralnervoussystem.17Becauseanimalsandhumansaresobiologicallysimilar,theyaresusceptibletomanyofthesameconditionsandillnesses,includingheartdisease,cancer,anddiabetes.184.Animalsmustbeusedincaseswhenethicalconsiderationspreventtheuseofhumansubjects.Whentestingmedicinesforpotentialtoxicity,thelivesofhumanvolunteersshouldnotbeputindangerunnecessarily.Itwouldbeunethicaltoperforminvasiveexperimentalproceduresonhumanbeingsbeforethemethodshavebeentestedonanimals,andsomeexperimentsinvolvegeneticmanipulationthatwouldbeunacceptabletoimposeonhumansubjectsbeforeanimaltesting.19TheWorldMedicalAssociationDeclarationofHelsinkistatesthathumantrialsshouldbeprecededbytestsonanimals.205.Animalsthemselvesbenefitfromtheresultsofanimaltesting.Ifvaccineswerenottestedonanimals,millionsofanimalswouldhavediedfromrabies,distemper,felineleukemia,infectioushepatitisvirus,tetanus,anthrax,andcanineparvovirus.Treatmentsforanimalsdevelopedusinganimaltestingalsoincludepacemakersforheartdiseaseandremediesforglaucomaandhipdysplasia.9,21Anim