Chapter 1 Exercises For Exercises 110, match the following people with their accomplish- ments. A.Leibniz B.Pascal C.Babbage D.Lovelace E.Hollerith F.Byron G.Turing H.Jacquard 1.What French mathematician built and sold the first gear-driven mechanical machine that did addition and subtraction? B 2.Who built the first mechanical machine that did addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division? A 3.Who designed the first mechanical machine that included memory? C 4.Who was considered the first programmer? D 5.Who proposed that a punched card be used for counting the census? E 6.Who edited Babbages work? D 7.Who was Ada Lovelaces father? F 8.Who would have been mentioned in the book the Code Breakers? G 9.Who developed the concept of punched holes used in weaving cloth? H 10.Who is associated with IBM? E 567 Answers to Exercises Lewis_complete_ans 5/26/04 4:54 PM Page 567 For Exercises 1123, match the hardware listed to the appropriate genera- tion. A.First B.Second C.Third D.Fourth E.Fifth 11.Circuit boards C 12.Transistor B 13.Magnetic core memory B 14.Card input/output A 15.Parallel computing D 16.Magnetic drum A 17.Magnetic tape drives A 18.Integrated circuits C 19.Personal computer D 20.Vacuum tube A 21.Large scale integration D 22.Magnetic disc B 23.Networking D For Exercises 2438, match the software or software concepts listed to the appropriate generation. 568Answers to Exercises Lewis_complete_ans 5/26/04 4:54 PM Page 568 A.First B.Second C.Third D.Fourth E.Fifth 24.Assemblers A 25.FORTRAN B 26.Operating systems C 27.Structured programming D 28.Time sharing C 29.HTML (for Web) E 30.Loaders B 31.Spreadsheets D 32.Word processors D 33.Lisp B 34.PC-DOS D 35.Loaders/linkers bundled into Operating System C 36.Java E 37.SPSS C 38.C+ D Chapter 1 Exercises569 Lewis_complete_ans 5/26/04 4:54 PM Page 569 Exercises 3955 are short answer. 39.What do we mean by the statement that the 1980s and 1990s must be characterized by the changing profile of the user? The original user was the programmer who had a problem to solve. By the 1970s, application programs were being written such that non- programmers could use them to solve problems. With the advent of the personal computer, many people began using the computer for personal correspondence, personal accounts, and games. 40.Distinguish between computing as a tool and computing as a disci- pline. Computing as a tool refers to the use of computing by people to solve problems in their professional or personal life. Computing as a disci- pline refers to the study of the body of knowledge that makes up computer science and/or computer engineering. 41.Is computing a mathematical discipline, a scientific discipline, or an engineering discipline? Explain. Computing is neither a mathematical discipline nor a scientific disci- pline nor an engineering discipline; it has roots in all three disciplines. Boolean algebra, logic, and numerical analysis contribute greatly to the foundations of computing. Simulation and model building from the scientific discipline contribute to the foundations of computing. The techniques from engineering of building large systems contribute to the foundations of computing. 42.Distinguish between systems areas and applications areas in computing as a discipline. The systems areas of computing as a discipline relate to the under- standing and building of computer tools: algorithms and data struc- tures, programming languages, (computer) architecture, operating systems, software methodology and engineering, and human-computer communication. The applications areas in computing relate to the computers use as a tool: numerical computation, databases and infor- mational retrieval, artificial intelligence and robotics, graphics, organi- zational informatics, and bioinformatics. 43.Define the word abstraction and relate it to the drawing in Figure 1.2. An abstraction is a mental model that removes complex details. An abstraction lets the viewer see only those details that are relevant to the users view. An engine is a mental model of a car from the builder or mechanics view. The cockpit is the mental model for an ordinary driver, who does not have to know the details of the engine in order to drive the car. 570Answers to Exercises Lewis_complete_ans 5/26/04 4:54 PM Page 570 44.Name the six subject subareas of computer science, called systems areas, that relate to understanding and building computing tools in general. algorithms and data structures, programming languages, architecture, operating systems, software methodology and engineering, and human-computer communication. 45.Name the six subject subareas of computer science, called applications areas, that relate to the computers use as a tool. numerical and symbolic computation, databases and informational retrieval, artificial intelligence and robotics, graphics, organizational informatics, and bioinformatics. 46.Define the word protocol and explain how it is used in computing. A protoco