北北京航空航天大学京航空航天大学 2011 年考博英语年考博英语试题试题 Part One Listening Comprehrnsion Part Two Reading Comprehernsion Passsage 1 Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institution, both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company wiht whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker(证券经纪人)to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money. Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hos(wechat:13370142852)pitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her emplorors to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance. 1. Almost all companies involved in new production and development must _. A. rely in their own financial resources. B. persuade the banks to provide long-term finance. C. borrow large sums of money from friends and people we know. D. depend on the population as a whole for finance. 2. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is _. A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible. B. raised by the selling of shares in the companies. C. exchanged for part ownership in The Stock Exchange. D. invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange. 3. When the savers want their money back they _. A. ask another company to obtain their money for them. B. look for other people to borrow money from. C. put their shares in the company back on the market. D. transfer their money to a more successful company. 4. All the essential services on which we depend are _. A. run by the Government or our local authorities. B. in constant need of financial support. C. financed wholly by rates and taxes. D. unable to provide for the needs of the population. 5. The Stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationAlized industries _. A. to borrow as much money as they wish. B. to make certain everybody saves money. C. to raise money to finance new developments. D. to make certain everybody lends money to them. Passsage 2 There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable(寓言) of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures. and that the without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps. and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wish to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered