Work Still Has Value,UNIT 4 .,SECTION A,HOME,Why might workers in the 19th century have found the notion of works inherent virtue to be ridiculous?,Because they suffered from low wages and oppressive working conditions.,II. Answer the following questions. .,1,What is the immigrant work ethic?,To the first generation of immigrants, work had great virtues. First of all, it ensured their own survival. Secondly, it made it possible for them to provide a better life and education for their children, which meant an improvement in their social status. Last but not least, it was the very hard work that gave their labors a fierce dignity, which served as a driving force in their own life.,2,Why is the work ethic diluted nowadays in American society?,Generally speaking, its because the way people view work is much changed. Specifically, there are four causes. The first is that todays younger workers have little idea about the poverty and suffering of the Depression and, therefore, dont know what work meant to those who survived the Depression. The,3,second cause is that unemployment no longer means personal ruin and shame thanks to elaborate financial cushions. Thirdly, the loss of a job now carries less personal shame, as it can be blamed on the wild and notorious behavior of the economy. And finally, work no longer just serves as a means of existence in a society where expectations are getting higher with rising educational levels.,Why does the author mention the painful memory of the Depression generation?,To explain the attitude to work of those who suffered the extreme poverty during the Depression, and to contrast this with the attitudes of todays younger workers.,4,How does work satisfy human needs?,According to Maslow, work meets human needs in the following hierarchy: first, it provides such basic means as food and shelter; second, it can provide security; third, it satisfies the need for friendship and connection with others; fourth, it can help gain respect; and finally, it can satisfy the desire for self-fulfillment.,5,What is the purpose for the author to discuss Maslows scheme of the hierarchy of needs?,Maslows scheme is quoted to explain workers expectations change with social and economic development. Because of these changes, work has different meanings to different groups in society as they are positioned at different stages in the work hierarchy.,6,What is the significance of the womens rights movement?,The womens rights movement has made it possible for women to pursue careers, not just work for mere survival. Thats to say, they are working at the level of “fulfilling themselves”, which is the highest in Maslows work hierarchy.,7,How does the author illustrate the idea that “misery is always comparative”?,Conditions for some US workers, such as those on assembly lines, may be considered terrible. However, the medieval workers suffered much more misery than those working on the modern assembly line. A poor Indian rubbish collector lives a more miserable life than a “poor” American car worker. The average peasants in South America work harder than most of Americans.,8,What is the significance of the idea “misery is always comparative”?,The author is cautioning that it is important to have a proper sense of perspective about work, before making judgments on particular situations.,9,In what way does work serve as the most thorough and profound organizing principle in American life?,Work is the most thorough and profound organizing principle in American life in that it helps people connect with others in a work community and, therefore, satisfy their need for friendship and social relations.,He prided himself on being a very well _ member of the British community, highly respected by his peers. She felt _ , as if what he had done to her had somehow paralyzed not only their limbs but her senses too.,esteemed,III. Complete the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.,intrinsic notorious dilute destructive confer assert dreadful foremost stun arrogant gossip recycle aspiration hierarchy esteem,stunned,3. Her bad temper was _, and she was often depicted with a beard and a bow and arrow, testifying to her warlike character. 4. It is absurd to suppose that every power which is _ on the political head of a department must be exercised by him and him alone.,notorious,conferred,III. Complete the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.,intrinsic notorious dilute destructive confer assert dreadful foremost stun arrogant gossip recycle aspiration hierarchy esteem,5. His friends no longer had a(n) _ for further education, because they thought its opportunity costs were too high. 6. He acknowledged that in the majority of businesses the moral standards had been _very significantly.,aspiration,diluted,III. Complete the blanks with the words