Computer English,Chapter 6 Software Engineering,掌握软件的生命周期的基本术语与知识； 了解软件工程的发展趋势； 了解软件设计方法； 了解软件安全的有关知识； 掌握复杂定语(从句)的翻译技巧。,Requirements:,Requirements:,了解操作系统是如何实现资源分配和用户接口功能的。 通过学习操作系统功能的演化，认识操作系统在实现过程中采用的基本概念与技术，了解操作系统设计中的概念。 认识操作系统的结构，了解当前常见操作系统的特点 掌握被动语态的翻译技巧。,New Words & Expressions: middleware n. 中间（软）件 difficult-to-classify 难以分类 liteware n.（light ware）不具备部分性能的共享软件 shareware n. 共享软件 freeware n. 免费软件 spreadsheet n. 电子制表软件，电子表格 CAD/CAM 计算机辅助设计/制造 custom-made a. 定做的, 订制的 payroll n. 工资单 general-purpose programs 通用程序 Unix n. UNIX操作系统，一种多用户的计算机操作系统,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices. The term hardware describes the physical aspects of computers and related devices. 软件是一个用于操作计算机及其相关设备的各种程序的总称。名词“硬件”描述了计算机和相关设备的物理概念。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the invariable part. Software is often divided into application software (programs that do work users are directly interested in) and system software (which includes operating systems and many programs). The term middleware is sometimes used to describe programming that mediates between application and system software or between two different kinds of application software (for example, converting data from one file format to another file format). 软件可以看作是一个计算机中可变的部分，而硬件是不可变的部分。软件通常可以划分为应用软件（用户直接感兴趣的程序）和系统软件（包括操作系统和许多其它程序）。中间件有时用来指处于应用程序和系统程序之间，或两种不同的应用软件之间的编程（例如，实现将数据从一种文件格式向另一种文件格式的转换）。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,An additional and difficult-to-classify category of software is the utility, which is a small useful program with limited capability. Some utilities come with operating systems. Like application, utilities tend to be separately installable and capable of being used independently of the rest of the operating system. 另外一种难以分类的软件是实用软件，它是容量有限、但却有用的小程序。一些实用程序捆绑在操作系统中。跟应用程序一样，实用程序一般另外安装，并允许独立于操作系统使用。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,Software can be purchased or acquired as shareware (usually intended for sale after a trial period), liteware (shareware with some capability disable), freeware (free software but with copyright restrictions), public domain software (free with no restriction), and free software (software whose users agree not to limit its further distribution). 按购买或获取的途径，软件可以分为共享软件（通常在试验期后打算销售），不具有部分性能的共享软件，免费软件（免费但拷贝权受到限制），公共软件（不限制拷贝），和用户同意不限制进一步分发销售的免费软件。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,Software is usually packaged on CD-ROM and diskettes. Today, much purchased software, shareware, and freeware is downloaded over the Internet. 软件通常存放在CD-ROM或软盘上。现在，很多购买的软件，共享软件和免费软件都可以从网上下载。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,6.1.1 Application Software Application software might be described as “end-user” software. Application software performs useful work on general-purpose tasks such as Word and Spreadsheet processing. 6.1.1应用软件 应用软件可以看作是“终端用户”软件，它是基于通用任务执行的一些有用的工作，像文字和表格处理。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,Some general kinds of application software include: Productivity software, which includes word processors, spreadsheets, and tools for use by most computer users. Presentation software, such as Microsoft PowerPoint. Graphics software for graphic designers, including Photoshop, 3Dmax, etc. CAD/CAM software Specialized scientific applications 常用的应用软件有： 创造性软件，包括字处理软件，电子表格软件，和大多数计算机用户使用的工具。 演示软件，像微软的PowerPoint。 绘图设计用的绘图软件，包括Photoshop，3Dmax等。 计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造（CAD/CAM）软件。 专门的科学应用软件。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,Application software may be packaged or custom-made. Packaged software refers to programs prewritten by professional programmers that are typically offered for sale on a diskette. There are over 12, 000 different types of application packages available for microcomputers alone. 应用软件可以是打包的程序或基于用户需要编写的程序。 软件包是指那种由专业编程人员预先写好的，制作在软盘上以供销售的程序，仅微型机就有12000多种不同种类的应用软件包。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,Custom-made software, or custom programs, is what all software used to be. Twenty years ago organizations hired computer programmers to create all their software. The programmer custom-wrote programs to instruct the company computer to perform whatever tasks the organization wanted. A program might compute payroll checks, keep track of goods in the warehouse, calculate sales commissions, or perform similar business tasks. 曾经所有的软件都是用户定制软件，或称用户软件。二十年前，各公司雇用编程人员编写所有的软件。编程人员根据用户的需要编写程序，指示公司的计算机执行组织想要实现的所有任务。一个程序可以计算工资单，记录仓库里的货物，估算销售任务，或者完成类似的商业任务。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,There are certain general-purpose programs that we call “basic tools”. These programs are widely used in nearly all career areas. They are the kind of programs you have to know to be considered computer competent. 有一些通用程序我们称之为“基本工具”，它们被广泛地应用于几乎所有的行业领域中，要了解计算机就应该知道这些程序。,6.1 Basic Software Concepts,The most popular so-called basic tool include: Word processing programs, used to prepare written documents; Electronic spreadsheets, used to analyze and summarize data Database managers, used to organize and manage data and info