西方文明史 A History of Western Civilization,第二部分：中世纪,Part Two Middle Ages,I. Fall of Slavery System II. Rise of Feudalism III. Fall of Feudalism,I. Fall of Slavery System,Collapse of Roman Empire CE 476 Rise of Christian Church Barbarian Invasions,Barbarian Invasions,Invasion of Germanic tribes: Franks, Goths, Vandals, Vikings. Huns and their charismatic leader Attila (406-53) Assimilation of Roman legions by Germanic peoples,Map of the “barbarian“ invasions of the Roman Empire showing the major incursions from 100 to 500 CE.,Hunnic Empire,Attila the Hun or the Scourge of God,Mr Thans painting The Feast of Attila,II. Rise of Christian Church,Spiritual Crisis of Late Roman Empire Belief in afterlife, Mithraism and other cults Origin of Christianity: Messiah and the new millennium. Jesus Christ Peter (allow the Gentiles to convert) and Paul (the early theology, universal sinfulness, salvation),III. Rise of Feudalist System,Lords and Vassals Kings, Lords, and knights Serfs,Features of Feudalism,Features of Western Feudalism Lords and their vassals Fief and serfs Differences between Western and Chinese Feudal Systems Lord vs. State Heredity vs. Social Mobility,Every man was the vassal, or servant, of his lord. The man swore fealty to his lord, and in return the lord promised to protect him and to see that he received justice. Feudalism was the expression of a society in which every man was bound to every other by mutual ties of loyalty and service.,Feudal society was characterized by military landholders and working peasants. The nobility included bishops, for the church was one of the greatest of medieval landowners. Near the bottom of the social pyramid were the serfs.,Western Feudalism,The European feudalism was comprised of a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.,How did the Feudal System work?,The lords principal obligation was to grant a fief, or its revenues, to the vassal The vassals principal obligation to the lord was to provide “aid“, or military service.,The serf paid his fees and taxes in the form of seasonally appropriate labor. Usually a portion of the week was devoted to plowing his lords fields (demesne), harvesting crops, digging ditches, repairing fences, and often working in the manor house. In addition to service, a serf was required to pay certain taxes and fees.,jus primae noctis (“right of the first night“, Droit de seigneur ),Le droit du Seigneur (1874). An old man bringing his young daughters to the feudal lord.,Roland pledges his fealty to Charlemagne; from a manuscript of a chanson de geste,Primogeniture,Primogeniture is the common law right of the firstborn son to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings. It is the tradition brought by the Normans of Normandy to England in 1066.,The firstborn son inherited the entirety of a parents wealth, estate, title or office. In the absence of children, inheritance passed to the collateral relatives, in order of seniority of the collateral line.,Knightly Chivalric Code,Protect the weak, defenseless, helpless, and fight for the general welfare of all The Code of Chivalry continued to influence social behaviour long after the actual knighthood ceased to exist, influencing for example the 19th Century Victorian perceptions of how a “gentleman“ ought to behave.,Feudalism and New Technologies,Military: From China, Stirrup Increase productivity Household becomes the major unit of production,Knight and Castle,The fortified town and abbey of Mont Saint-Michel off the northern coast of France, painted by the Limbourg brothers in the 1430s,Byzantine and Barbarian Kingdoms,Byzantine Empire Frankish Kingdoms and Charles Martels (688-741) as their leader (Carolingian dynasty) Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire (800),Europe in 998 CE,Carolingian Empire,Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term sometimes used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany. Depending on ones perspective, this Empire can be seen as the later history of the Frankish Realm or the early history of France and of the Holy Roman Empire.,A coin of Charlemagne,The Carolingian Empire at its greatest extent, with the three main divisions of 843.,Charlemagne The map 814 - 840,Holy Roman Empire 962-1802,The Flag of Holy Roman Empire,Seven electors,The Count Palatine of the Rhine, the King of Bohemia, the Duke of Saxony, the Margrave of Brandenburg, and the Archbishops of Cologne, Mainz, and Trier. During the Thirty Years War, the Duke of Bavaria was given the right to vote as the eighth elector.,Decline of Feudalism,Depopulation of Europe Wars: (such as crusades) Black Death: one third to half of the population died. The impact of depopulation on the feudalism.,Crusade,First Crusade 1095-1099 The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, dur