词的翻译,词性的转换,名词 动词 Some power plants are under construction. The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. Im afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. Im not a smoker. In the early 1600s, the Hollanders were great farmers.,Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. She is a well-known singer. Some of my classmates are good singers.,2.动名词 动词 One of our ways for getting heat is burning fuels. Heating water does not change its chemical composition.,3. 形容词 动词 Doctors have said that theyre not sure they can save his life. Theyre quite content with the data obtained from the experiment. afraid anxious certain doubtful aware ashamed careful delighted glad sorry uncertain familiar ignorant thankful confident content,4. 介词 动词 She skimmed over the lam, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. This computer is of high sensibility.,5. 副词 动词 Their experiment has been over. After careful investigation they found the design behind. The oil in the tank has been up.,. 动词 名词 Formality has always characterized their relationship. Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter. The development of scientific research in China is characterized by the integration of theory with practice.,7. 形容词 名词 After careful treatment the deaf have recovered their hearing. More rooms are being built to accommodate the sick. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant - but soft.,. 名词 形容词 He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.,. 副词 形容词 The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by accuracy and quick computation. The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development of science and technology.,10. 形容词 副词 We must make full use of existing technical equipment. We have made a careful study of the properties of these chemical elements.,His book defies easy classification. Even the crudest of calculations shows that the manufacturer would have to sell at least 4 million units before recovering his capital outplay plus interest charges. This weeks news was a timely reminder that Britains economic troubles are far from being over. To them, he personified the absolute power.,He made no mention of the road accident at 11:30 last night. We sang the old year out and the new year in. The famous twin buildings of the World Trade Center silhouetted against the eastern sky at dawn. Im convinced that the European Community and the whole concept of a united Europe is strong enough to survive this period of difficulty.,They strive for a lower birth rates. The daffodils are out. The meeting is two days away. He left without saying a word. He often drives at 90 miles an hour. There is a crowd of 50000 people before the match.,Id like a whisky and soda water. This is the fourth and last session. Originally he is from Shanghai.,翻译标准,直译与意译 Literal translation (word for word translation) is one which follows the words of the original exactly without considering the general meaning or style of the text. Liberal (free) translation expresses the sense of the original words without being absolutely exact.,You are late for the last time.,道安：直译 鸠摩罗什：意译 玄奘：“新译” “五不翻” 马建忠：善译,严复：信、达、雅 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 刘重德：信、达、切 许渊冲：信、达、优 傅雷：“形似” “神似” 说 钱钟书：“化境”说 辜正坤：标准系统 绝对标准-最高标准-具体标准,论文和说明文： 强调 “信”、“达” 记叙文和小说： 注意“雅” 诗歌： “形美” “意美” “音美”,异化与归化： 异化：针对译入语而言，即源语对于译入语语言和文化的异化。 归化：针对源语而言，即对源语的语言文化进行变通改造，向译入语靠拢。,功能对等与形式对应,