Lesson 10,“A More Perfect Union” (Part II),Paraphrase 1 Understanding this reality requires a reminder of how we arrive at this point. (Para. 27): 要认识这一现实，需要回顾一下我们是如何陷入今天之困境的. In the previous paragraph Obama said that Wrights comments and the subsequent firestorm reflected the complexities of race in this country. In order to understand these complexities, we need to know the history and development of racial relations, the sufferings and injustices the blacks were subjected to,reminder: a thing to help one remember something else    how we arrive at this point: how the racial relations have developed to the current stage 2. Paraphrase 2 “The past isn't dead and buried. I fact, it isn't even past “(Para. 27):      1) The first “past“ is a noun meaning “what has happened“ . The second is an adjective, meaning “ended,“ “over.“         i The influence of what happened in previous times has not disappeared. Such influences can still be seen.,3. recite: to tell in detail, to enumerate 4. .so many of the disparities and Jim Crow. (Eara. 27): The inequalities and differences you find in the African-American communities today came directly from blacks of an older generation who were the victims of racial discrimination 1) disparities: differences; inequalities 2) trace to: to go back (to something past) 3) the brutal legacy: transferred epithet a legacy can't be brutal; what is brutal is the practices of slave owners, the slavery system,Jim Crow : in the U.S. unfair treatment of black people, especially in the past by the use of laws that prevented them fromgoing to the same schools and public place as white people pervasive: tending to widely exist achievement gap: performance disparity in study,The Jim Crow laws in details They were racial segregation laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States, at state and local levels, and which continued in force until 1965, which mandated racial segregation in all public facilities Jim Crow laws mandated the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks.,The U.S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson, the first Southern president since 1856. His administration practiced overt racial discrimination in hiring, requiring candidates to submit photos. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education. Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.,5. Segregated schools were, and are, inferior schools;.between todays black and white students. (Para. 28): This is a one-sentence paragraph describing the existence of school segregation fifty years after Warren's Court decision to make segregation unconstitutional, and pointing out that inferior education in segregated schools is the cause of the poor performance of some black students.,1) Brown v. Board of Education In 1952, the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren decided to hear a school case involving a suit by Reverend Oliver Brown against the school board in Topeka, Kansas. Because of the segregation system, Brown's daughter was forced to travel more than two miles to school, even though her home was only five blocks from an all-white grade school. On May 17, 1954, the court read out the opinion, “We come then to the question presented: does segregation, deprive the children of the minority group of education a opportunities? We believe that it does “,6. Legalized decimation . to bequeath to future generations (Para.29): 1) “legalized discrimination“ discriminatory practices that are protected by law. 2) What legalized discrimination did the African Americans suffer? They were not allowed to have housing in some white areas; business loans or FHA (Federal Housing Administration) insured loans were denied on consideration of race, and unions and certain professions were not open to blacks.,3) could not amass any meaningful wealth: could not put aside or accumulate significant amounts of money or property (or enough money or property) 4) bequeath to future generations: to pass on to children or grandchildren,Translation 1 法律上认可的歧视譬如说禁止黑人拥有财产，有时甚至通过暴力手段达到此种目的，或是不给非裔美国人的企业主放贷，不让黑人购房者取得联邦住房管理局的抵押贷款保险，把黑人排除在工会、警察队伍或者消防部门之外这意味着黑人家庭难以积累家产以传给后代。,7. That history helps explain the wealth and income gap between blacks and whites. (Para. 29): The existence of so many poor African Americans and the low pay they get compared with the whites is partly due to the existence of legalized discrimination.,8. .the concentrated pockets of poverty that persist. communities'I (Para.29): This is also the reason you find people of extreme poverty crowded into small areas or slums, in cities and rural areas.     1) pocket: a small area of a specified type