技巧十 长句的翻译2 切分与合并,翻译长句时应从语法上分析全句， 通过语法分析，弄清长句中各部分之间的语法关系，特别要弄清楚哪个是主句，主句中哪个是主语，谓语和宾语以及整个句子的时间先后顺序和逻辑关系，然后按照汉语的特点和表达方式把句子译成若干个短句，并安排好各短句之间的次序。,切分与合并 division and combination,切分 英语中长句较多, 句中修饰语多且长，使句子结构复杂，所以英译汉时要根据汉语语法的特点，灵活处理。切分就是一种常用的方法，是指把英语中的长句分解成两个或两个以上的句子。它常包括单词分译、短语分译和句子分译等三种情况。,单词分译 单词分译是指把原文中的一个单词拆译成一个小句或者句子。采用单词分译主要有两个目的：一是为了句法上的需要，使句子通顺，且不损伤原意。二是为了修饰上的需要，如加强语气，突出重点等。英语中的名词、动词、形容词和副词等都可分译。,I tried vainly to put the pieces together. (Helen Keller, The Story of My Life) 我想把这些碎片拼在一起，可是拼不起来。 （副词分译） They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 （副词分译）,The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。 （副词分译） We recognize that Chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. 我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。 （副词分译）,Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans，who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society. take liberties with 对.放肆(对.太随便) 显然，数百万美国人从来没有想过自己会违法，更不用说犯罪了，而就是他们正在越来越肆意歪曲旨在保护和培育这个社会的法律条文，这真令人痛心。,短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句。 Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. 这座桥 是 1192 年修建的 ，已经有七百多年的历史了。 （ 分词短语分译 ）,Invitingly green Angel Island, once a military base, contains meandering trails and picnic spots ideal for a days excursion. 迷人的天使岛郁郁葱葱，小径蜿蜒，是一日游的理想野餐场所。但在过去它却是一个军事基地。（名词短语分译）,Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants. 离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。 那儿有几十家少数民族餐馆 ，热闹得如同第二个唐人街。,句子分译可以分为简单句的分译、并列复合句的分译、主从复合句的分译以及其他情况的分译。 简单句的分译 Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle. 黎明时分，大雾弥漫，细雨蒙蒙。,并列复合句的分译 ,常常在分句连接处加以切分，译成两个或两个以上的句子。 The recruitment of Chinese labor was not universally accepted in racially conscious 19th century America and some white workers were unsettled by their appearance in large numbers. 在种族意识十分强的19世纪的美国，招募中国劳工的做法并非普遍为人接受。由于工地上大批出现中国劳工，某些白人工人感到心绪不宁。,合并 (combination) 英语句子译成汉语有时需要采取切分的方式来处理，但是较口语化的英语句子往往比较短，英译汉时有时也得用合并。合并常用于以下二种情况：简单句与简单句的合并，复合句的合并。,简单句与简单句的合并 He was very clean. His mind was open. 他为人单纯而坦率。 Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front. 夜幕降临时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没有动摇他上前线的决心。,简单句与复合句或并列句合译 I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore. I have amused myself by now and then finding a smooth pebble or a pretty shell, but the great ocean of truth still lies before me unknown and unexplored. 看来我只是象个在海边玩耍的孩子，不时拣起一块小小的卵石，一片美丽的贝壳，自娱自乐/聊以自慰，而面前的真理的海洋，却还有待于发现和探索。 （简单句与并列句合并）,顺序与逆序,1. 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。 Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. 即使当我们关掉了床头灯进入深深的梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 开动冰箱, 加热凉水, 或运行空调。,Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. 人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视上还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。,Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. 在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式,她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给她们的种种束缚。,2.逆序法 英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。 Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 许多人为了成为白领宁愿放弃收入较高的工作, 这在西方倒是人之常情。,Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. 对于现代科技书籍特别是教科书的作者来说, 要想与时俱进，体现出新思想、新观察和新发现，就应该每隔较短的时间, 修改书中的内容。,Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲合力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。,They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 对于前几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是他们用来摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步却摧毁了这一点，因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。,If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.,If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing val