,Topioc： Canadian Diversity: immigration, immigration policy, and Chinese immigrants Indigenous issues Quebec issues,Immigration and diversity Aboriginal peoples: relative stable (slowing rising) Charter groups: declining Ethnic minorities: increasing, esp. visible minorities Population of ethnic groups: 8% in 1867, 36% in 2001（with visible minority being 13%） Politics has been shaped by immigration and racial relations.,Some facts about diversity: Foreign-born: 18% in 2001 (16% in 1990) Over 200 ethnic groups (over a million - German, Italian, Chinese Ukrainian, Native) Over 100 languages as a mother tongue Ethnic composition in 1986: British-one third, French-slightly below a quarter, other-slightly over one third, Native-3%) , Trend: ethnic groups on the rise, Charter groups decline, Natives stable. 81% Canadians think MC positively (The younger, the more positive),Immigration in Canada and demographic change Early settlement in the East: French (New France), British (in Coastal regions), Germans (in British army), Arcadians (deported), Black (run-away slaves), Gold rush and construction of CPR: Large scale white immigrants, coming of visible minorities Opening interior: Large scale white immigrants from Europe (Ukrainians, Jews, Italians, Poles, Germans, Hutterite, Mennonite, Doukhabors (religious groups fleeing persecution), Russians,After the WWII: After 1967 point system: influx of visible minorities immigrants Change of immigration composition: Table 1,Major change in Canadian immigration history Until 1947: preferred treatment given to British subjects. 1949: preferred treatment was broadened to include France 1951: further broadened to include NW European countries 1952: Immigration Act: continuation of preferred nationalities 1962: removal of “preferred treatment” regulations, put emphasis on education and skills. 1967: Immigration Act: introduction of point system, applicable to all immigrants, linking immigration to labor market needs.,1976: Immigration Act: (starting in 1978) Parliament is required to announce immigration levels for subsequent year(s), based on consultation with provincial leaders. 1983: immigration levels linked to economic conditions. 1985: The “restricted occupation list” was introduced. 1987: Quebec assumes a larger role in reception of immigrants. 1988: broaden the rules for “family class” to include extended family members, e.g., cousins and aunts. 1989: a new system for dealing with refugee claims to clear the backlog, (100,000 on the waiting list).,Refugee admittance: 1956: Hungarian revolt refugee, British during the Suez crisis. 1968: Czechs (Spring of Prague) 1972: Asians expelled from Uganda 1979: Vietnamese boat people (60,000). 1981: Poles during the Martial Law 1989: clear refugee backlog (100,000 on the waiting list). 1999: refugee from Kosovo. 1990s: yearly average: 30,000 to 40,000.,Chinese immigrants in Canada First appearance: 1770s First immigrants: 1857 Large groups: Gold rush, CPR Table 2 Special policy for Chinese immigrants,55,787 Chinese paid head tax ($10-50-100-500), enough to build another CPR. (2005: symbolic compensation to Chinese community 8$/person.) 1923-1947: Chinese Exclusion Law,1947: repeal of Exclusion Law 1949: citizen rights granted After 1950s: family reunions, sex balance, community growth After 1967: professionals, technical, independent immigrants, fast increased After 1997: replace HK as No. 1 immigration source country Table3 Discriminations against Chinese,Population growth 1911: 27,774 1921: 39,587 1931: 46,519 1951: 32,538 (after Exclusion Law) 1971: 11.8万 1981： 29万 1986: 40万 1991：61万 2001：100万,comparison between old and new Chinese communities in Canada old: uneducated, bachelors （male-female ratio: 1914- 20:1; 1951-6:1; 1971- 1.08:1; 1981-1:1） new: professionals, families, gender balanced, Now: largest ethnic group, largest language other than Eng. and Fr.,Famous Chinese-Canadians 武冰枝， 郑天华，林思奇，谢培智，何万成，Jerry Ma, Yoyo Ma,. Prof. Peter Li （李胜生）, in sports and art, mainly in science and tech, entrepreneurs, professionals, and academics. Profs in every university, in most departments.,Contributions CPR, restaurants, Chinatowns, During the Wars (500 soldiers) economic development, cultural enrichment,Indigenous issues Terms： Aboriginal Peoples, Natives, Indigenous, First Nations, First Peoples, Key concepts: Treaty rights, indigenous rights, self-determination, self-government, constitutional rights (after 1982),Legal Dimensions: 1 Status Indians: Population: 553,316 (1999, expected to increase to 750,000 by 2005) Representative org: Assembly of First Nations Criteria: a) registered by the gov., b) affiliation to one of 605 bands, c) entitled to residence on reserve land, d) jurisdiction under the Indian Act. Highest profiled in national politics 5 billion $ / year financial support based on treaty and fiduciary responsibilities,2 Non-Status Indians: Popu.: unknown, fluctuating bw 75,000 and 750,000, depending on