7.4 Properties of Chiral Molecules: Optical Activity,A substance is optically active if it rotates the plane of polarized light. In order for a substance to exhibit optical activity, it must be chiral and one enantiomer must be present in excess of the other.,Optical Activity,Light,has wave properties periodic increase and decrease in amplitude of wave,Light,optical activity is usually measured using light having a wavelength of 589 nm this is the wavelength of the yellow light from a sodium lamp and is called the D line of sodium,Polarized light,ordinary (nonpolarized) light consists of many beams vibrating in different planes plane-polarized light consists of only those beams that vibrate in the same plane,Polarization of light,Nicol prism,Polarization of light,Nicol prism,Polarization of light,Rotation of plane-polarized light,Rotation of plane-polarized light,Rotation of plane-polarized light,a,Rotation of plane-polarized light,observed rotation (a) depends on the number of molecules encountered and is proportional to: path length (l), and concentration (c),Specific rotation,observed rotation (a) depends on the number of molecules encountered and is proportional to: path length (l), and concentration (c) therefore, define specific rotation a as:,concentration = g/100 mL length in decimeters,Specific rotation,a =,a mixture containing equal quantities of enantiomers is called a racemic mixture a racemic mixture is optically inactive (a = 0) a sample that is optically inactive can be either an achiral substance or a racemic mixture,Racemic mixture,an optically pure substance consists exclusively of a single enantiomer enantiomeric excess = % one enantiomer % other enantiomer % optical purity = enantiomeric excess,Optical purity,7.5 Absolute and Relative Configuration,Relative configuration compares the arrangement of atoms in space of one compound with those of another. Absolute configuration is the precise arrangement of atoms in space.,Configuration,Relative configuration compares the arrangement of atoms in space of one compound with those of another. until the 1950s, all configurations were relative Absolute configuration is the precise arrangement of atoms in space. we can now determine the absolute configuration of almost any compound,Configuration,No bonds are made or broken at the stereogenic center in this experiment. Therefore, when (+)-3-buten-2-ol and (+)-2-butanol have the same sign of rotation, the arrangement of atoms in space is analogous. The two have the same relative configuration.,Pd,a + 33.2,a + 13.5,Relative configuration,H2, Pd,H2, Pd,Two possibilities,But in the absence of additional information, we cant tell which structure corresponds to (+)-3-buten-2-ol, and which one to ()-3-buten-2-ol.,H2, Pd,H2, Pd,Two possibilities,Nor can we tell which structure corresponds to (+)-2-butanol, and which one to ()-2-butanol.,H2, Pd,H2, Pd,Absolute configurations,a +33.2,a +13.5,a 13.5,a 33.2,Not all compounds that have the same relative configuration have the same sign of rotation. No bonds are made or broken at the stereogenic center in the reaction shown, so the relative positions of the atoms are the same. Yet the sign of rotation changes.,HBr,a -5.8,a + 4.0,Relative configuration,