高二英语Getting along with others教案Grammar:动词不定式一不定式的五种基本形式主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing不定式的否定形式：nottodo/nottohavedone/nottobedoing/nottobedone/nottohavebeendone不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式不定式的进行式由tobe+V-ing构成，用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。eg.Somestudentspretended_Englishwhentheteachercamein.不定式完成式由tohave+V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。eg.-IsBobstillperforming?-Imafraidnot.Heissaid_thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.不定式的被动式分为一般式被动tobeV-ed和完成式被动tohavebeenV-ed。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。eg.Itisanhonourforme_totheparty.Thebookissaid_intomanylanguages.Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately_intimeforchristmas.A.inordertohavereceivedB.inordertoreceivec.soastobereceivedD.soastobereceiving二.不定式句法功能1.作主语：Tofindatruefriendisdifficult.不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语Itisdifficulttofindatruefriend.Isitdifficulttofindatruefriend?Howdifficultitistofindatruefriend!不定式作主语常见句型：a)Itis+adj.+todosth.b)Itis+n.+todosth.eg.Itsapleasuretogoshoppingatweekends.c)Ittakes/needs/requires+sometime+todosth.eg.Itrequirespatiencetobeagoodteacher.2.作表语：当句子的主语是aim,idea,policy,question,suggestion,wish,task,duty,job,purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。eg.ourmostimportanttasknowistomakeaplan.注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。eg.Theonlythingwecandonowiswaitandsee.3.作宾语Theteachersaid“Remembertobringthebooktomorrow!”a)可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree,afford,tend,ask,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,intend,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,want,wish等当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动词it补语todo句式,常用动词有feel,think,find,believe,consider,make等。如:Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.Ithinkitdifficulttofindatruefriend.b)不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but,except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except前面有do,does,did,todo时，通常省略to。eg.Thebushadntcome.wehadnochoicebuttowait.=wecoulddonothingbutwait.4.宾语补足语在主语+谓语+宾语+宾补句型中，许多动词都可以接不定式作宾语补足语。a)通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词之后：ask,tell,advise,allow,permit,enable,expect,force,get,like,order,teach,want,invite,wish,beg等youshouldgetthemtohelpyou.在谓语动词believe,find,think,feel,consider,suppose,imagine,prove等后面跟tobe作宾补，不跟todo,有时tobe可省略weallbelievejohnhonest.IconsiderhimoneofthebestteachersofNo.1middleSchool.但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.b)以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to使役动词，如：let,have,make等感官动词，如：see,watch,notice,lookat,listento,hear,feel,等Dontletthechildrentroubleyou.Iheardsomeoneopenthedoor.但当这两类动词为被动态时，不定式就成了主补。作主补的不定式必须加上toHisfathermadehimgotobedearly.Hewasmadetogotobedearlybyhisfather.动词不定式省略to的情况还有：a)wouldrather,hadbetter,whynotdoIwouldrathergoswimming.youhadbettertidyyourbedroom.whynotvisityourcousininjapan?b)当两个动词不定式由and,or,except,but,than,ratherthan相连接时，通常情况下第二个to要省略Doyouwanttogoshoppingorwatchafilm?Idecidedtowriteratherthanphone.wehadnothingtodobutwatchTV.=wehadnochoicebuttowatchTV.5.作定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt,decision,promise,plan等eg.Hehasntkepthispromisetowritetohisparentsregularly.常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability,determination,anxiety,eagerness等eg.Hiseagernesstofinishhishomeworkwasquiteclear.序数词、形容词最高级或被only,last,next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语：Shewastheonlypersontosurviveaftertheearthquake.（Tips:不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。）Eg.Hesalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.主谓关系Ivenotimetolistentoyourexcuse.同位关系Shehasameetingtoattend.（动宾关系=attendameeting）Theresnothingtoworryabout.6.作状语作目的状语Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.有时为了强调，不定式前可加inorder或soas。如：Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoasnottoforgetit.有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首，但soasto不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句，如：Istayedthereinordertoseewhatwouldhappen.=IstayedtheresothatIcouldseewhatwouldhappen.作原因状语在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。wearegladtohearthenews.Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语如：Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.常这样用的形容词有:easy,difficult,heavy,light,comfortable,fit,impossible等。作结果状语wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：soasto;suchastoImnotsostupidastoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。Imnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.enoughtoTheboyisntoldenoughtogotoschool.=Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool.onlyto用于表示意想不到的结果janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.tootoImtootiredtostayuplonger.但在下列结构中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如：Imonlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰gladtohave，相当于very）wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。4.不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.常见的短语有tobeexact（确切地说），tobeginwith（首先），todohimjusti