Introduction to English Stylistics,Course requirements: Class attendance is required, not optional. Course evaluation: At the end of the course, each student is to submit a term paper related to stylistics.,Course description: Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style. In a much broader sense, it deals with the study of all kinds of writing/varieties of English.,In a narrower sense, it is an interdisciplinary subject. It is a study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation, that is, from a linguistic point of view (literary stylistics). Therefore, it differs from linguistics and literary criticism in that it essentially links these two.,Major topics to be discussed: 1. What is stylistics? What is stylistics meant to do? What is style? 2. Phonological stylistic markers 3. Lexical stylistic markers 4. Grammatical stylistic markers 5. Norm and deviation 6. Varieties of English 7. Practical style,Reference books: 英语文体学引论，王佐良，外研社。 英语文体学教程，徐有志，高等教育出版社。 英语文体学教程，张德禄，高等教育出版社。 英语语体学，裴文，安徽大学出版社。 实用英语文体学，钱瑗，外研社。 文体学概论，秦秀白，湖南教育出版社。,Patterns in Language: Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature-Thomborrow, J., 1998. Style in Language-Sebeok, T. A. (ed.), 1960. The Five Clocks- Joos, M. , 1962. Linguistics and Style-Enkvist, N.E. & Spencer, 1964. Investigating English Style-Crystal, D & D. Davy, 1969. StylisticsTurner, G. W., 1973. Style in Fiction- Leech, G. & M. Short, 1981. The Stylistics of Fiction-Toolan, M., 1990.,The goals, components, and procedure of stylistic inquiry Goals The first goal of stylistics is to help readers understand a text better. In other words, it provides insights into the meaning of the text. The second goal is to explain why and how one text is better than another one. That is to say, stylistics is more directly concerned with interpretation of a text.,Components Description +interpretation +evaluation The most important thing is to remember there is actually no rigid and fixed procedure of stylistic analysis of literary work. Linguistic observation and literary insight proceeds from each other and enhances each other and they form a cyclic motion.,Procedure: Analytic phase +interpretative phase The nature of stylistic analysis Generally, the stylistic analysis is mainly concerned with the uniqueness of the language use in a given text. That is to show what is peculiar to the language in a text. This is determined by the nature of style itself. This naturally involves comparison between the language used in the text under investigation and the language used in a conventional way. So essentially speaking, stylistic study is essentially comparative in nature.,Generally, the procedure of stylistic analysis is often sequenced in two steps: a) linguistic description, b) contextual factors analysis. Linguistic description can be done at phonological, graphological, lexical, syntactical, semantic and textual level. Contextual factors analysis include the following aspects: field of discourse, tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.,A checklist of linguistic description Phonological category: a. elision (omission of sound (s) b. sound patterning c. rhyme d. pause e. stress f. length g. tempo (the speed of speaking) h. intonation i. onomatopoeia,Graphological category: a. punctuation b. capitalization c. paraphrasing (the way a text is divided into paragraphs) d. italics e. format of printing f. graphic signs (size of shape of letters, tables, pictures, diagrams, drawings etc.),Lexical category: whether the lexis used is a. general or specific b. Anglo-Saxon or Latinate c. simple or hard d. descriptive or evaluative f. formal or informal g. standard or nonstandard h. dynamic or static i. archaic or neologism j. abstract or concrete,Syntactic / grammatical category: (how words are ordered and connected into sentences) a. sentence types b. sentence length c. clause types (SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOO, SVOC; finite/nonfinite; ) d. normal order of inverted e. tense (the prevailing tense) f. voice (active or passive),Semantic category: a. figures of comparison (simile, metaphor, analogy, personification) b. figures of replacement (metonomy, synecdoche, euphemism, overstatement, understatement, etc.) c. figures of repetition d. figures of contrast (antithesis, oxymoron, paradox, climax, anticlimax etc. ) e. figures of double meaning (pun, irony),The aim of this course is two-fold: To offer a chance to deepen / facilitate your understanding of the knowledge of linguistics you have just acquired and put it to practical use. 2) To cultivate stylistic awareness or insight into different styles of writing /varieties of English; to develop the ability to do stylistic analysis and hopefully pursuing a better understanding or appreciation of literary works and other styles of writing.,Chapter 1,I. Definition of stylistics “The study of that variation in language which is depende