,Unit 2 What is happiness? Grammar and usage Past and future tenses,I.Brainstorming When and where was Sang Lan born? What can we learn from her?,II.Past tenses,The simple past tense,1.一般过去时表示一个动作或情况（在过去某个的时间开始和结束）。表示过去经常性的动作或情况。表示主语过去的特征或性格。（一般过去时往往和明确的过去时间状语连用。） I walked to school yesterday. I bought a new car three days ago. Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981. I often got up at 6:00 last year. At that time she spoke very good English.,2. 用used to + 动词原形或 would+动词原形表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。,I used to leave for work at 7:30 Whenever I had a chance, I would go to Comrade Changs to have a talk with him.,3. 有些情况发生的时间没清楚表明，但实际上是发生在过去的；一般过去时可与today, this week, this morning 等时间状语连用。,I didnt know you were so busy. I saw him today. Im sorry I have kept you waiting long, but I didnt know you were waiting for me.,4. 过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌,(1) 动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. (2) 情态动词 could, would Could you lend me your bike?,5. 用于某些虚拟语气结构中,It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了；早该了” It is time you went to bed. Its time that you had a holiday. would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事” Id rather you came tomorrow. Id rather you lived closer to us. I wish you were here with us.,6. 用来代替过去将来时。在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。,He said the would not go if it rained.,The past continuous tense,1. 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及与at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at 10 oclock yesterday等连用。 This time yesterday, they were having lunch. What were you doing at 10 oclock last night? I suddenly realized that the man was speaking to me.,2.表示过去某一段时间内持续进行的动作（有时也可以有间隙）,We were discussing the plan the whole morning yesterday. They were digging a railway tunnel last week. I was studying at the university from 1995 to 1999.,3. 常用于介绍故事的背景,Once an Arab was travelling in the desert. One day, Jones was walking along the street.,4. 过去进行时表示过去预计的、安排的将来的动作,He said he was visiting me this evening. They were leaving a few days later. Uncle telephoned us, saying that he was coming soon.,5.过去进行时常与always, frequently, continually等词连用，表示过去经常发生的动作，往往带有感情色彩,I was always losing my keys. She was continually telephoning a friend when I came in.,6. 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。,My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station.,The past perfect tense,1. 表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态, 即”过去的过去”。常用于by, before, when, after, until等引导的时间状语的句子中。 By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years. Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought about what she could do to get better.,2. 表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。只用于动词：hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能“,We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. I had hoped to help you, but I was too busy.,3. 在条件状语从句中以及或后的宾语从句中，常用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的假设。,If only you had worked with great care!,4. “时间状语+before”在句中作状语， 谓语动词用过去完成时态。,He said his first teacher had died at least ten years before.,5. 表示”一就”的几个句型,Hardly / No sooner had + p.p + when / than + 一般过去时 We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started,III. Future tenses,一般将来时的常见表达形式,The simple future tense,1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next week, in a few days等连用。(will / shall + v),She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow. I shall/will work hard and learn to become a gymnast. Today, I will talk about how to find happiness.,2. 表示一种倾向或一种固有特性或经常发生的动作。,Birds will build nests. Without air a living thing will die.,3. be going to +不定式，表示将来。,a. 主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month. c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm. It looks as if it is going to rain.,4. be going to / will的用法之比较：,用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.,5. be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事或表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令及注定要发生的事情。,We are to discuss the report next Saturday. All the questions are to be answered at once. Her plan is to be a failure.,6. be to和be going to 的用法之比较,be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 而be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排),7. be about to + 不定式，意为马上做某事,He is about to leave for Beijing. The meeting is about to begin. She was about to go to the cinema when I came. 注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。但可与as 或 when引导的时间状语从句连用。,8、表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的将来动作，只限于go；come；leave；start；stay；return；begin等动词。 会议在5点开始。 The meeting starts at five oclock. 来自悉尼的飞机于明天9:30到达。 The plane from Sydney arrives at 9:30 tomorrow.,9、表示计划或预计将要发生的、基本不会改变的动作。常用于come；go；arrive；drive；fly；travel；leave；return；start；begin等表示从一处向另一处运动的动词，或用于表示事先能安排的动作。 W