Grammar and usage,No.2 high school in Xinhua -Wufei,Past perfect tense,Lead in,Hong Kong _ to China in 1997.,returned,Macao _ to China in 1999.,returned,Hong Kong _to China before Macao came back to China.,had returned,Hong had returned to China before Macao came back to China.,Present,Past,Hong Kong had come back to China,Macao came back to China,Form,had done,When to use,The past perfect tense is often used with the simple past tense. If one action happens before another in the past, the past perfect tense is used.,present,past,The past perfect tense shows us 过去的过去,主语 + had + 过去分词 （肯定式） 主语 +had + not + 过去分词 （否定式） Had + 主语 + 过去分词 （疑问式） 主语 + had +been+ 过去分词 (被动语态） 如：We had not heard from him since we left here. 自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的来信。,Past perfect tense,Structure,过去完成时的判断依据,(一）与过去完成时常用的时间状语有： by 加过去的时间点 by the end of 加过去的时间点 before加过去的时间点,1._我已经读完了这本小说_by twelve oclock last night. 2._他们已经种了六百棵树before last Sunday. 3_我们已经学会了三首英语歌by the end of last term.,（二在宾语从句中，主句是过去时,从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时，尤指在told ,said ,knew ,heard ,thought等动词后的宾语从句中,1.She said that-她看过这部电影. 2.I knew _你以前是一个公主.,警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。,When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.,（三）在时间，条件，原因，方式等状语从句中，主从句的动作发生有先后顺序，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时,1.他完成他的家庭作业后，he went to bed. 2.When I got to the station,-火车已经离开了,（四）表示意向的动词，如hope ,wish ,expect ,think , intend ,mean ,suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本未能”,had meant/intended to do, 表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法等。,我原本希望that you would come , but you didnt. 2-我原本打算that I would go.,那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。 (hope),We _that you would come, but you didnt.,I _to come, but I was too busy.,我原打算来的，但太忙了。（mean）,had hoped,had meant,1.When Mark opened the door, he saw a woman standing there. He _ her before. A. never saw B. had never seen C. never sees D. has never seen 2.The news came as no surprise to me, for I _ of it earlier. A. hear B. heard C. have heard D. had heard,Have a try,5、表示“一就”的几个句型： Hardly had+ 主语 + 过去分词 + when + 一般过去时。 No sooner had + 主语 + 过去分词 + than + 一般过去时。 Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词+ before + 一般过去时。 如：No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 我们一坐下，车就开了。,典型考题,The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office. A. had written, left B. were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left,答案D. “把书忘在办公室“发生在“去取书“这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书“这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于“这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。,2. John and I _ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _ each other a couple of times before that. (02 北京春) A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seen C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen;,By the end of last year, we _20,000 cars.(produce),had produced,We _that you would be able to visit us.(expect),had expected,1.There_(be) 25 parks in our city up till 2000. 2.By the end of last term we _(finish) the book. 3.They finished earlier than we _(expect). 4.That was the second time that she _(see) her grandfather. 5.It was 3 years since we _(part). 6.I _(hope) that I could do the job. 7.I _(intend) to see you but I was too busy. 8.Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _(be) necessary for all planes to land for refueling.,practice,过去完成时与一般过去时的区别,1.They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. 2.The arrived at the station at ten yesterday.,She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.,The Titanic,When the Titanic was built, people thought it would never sink. However, this passenger ship _(surprise) everyone when it sank on its first journey. The Titanic_(build) in Belfast, Ireland. Its markers_(spend) a great deal of money building the ship. When it _(finish), it was the largest and most comfortable ship ever built. The Titanic set sail on 10th April 1921. I _(want) to set foot on the Titanic ever since it was built, said Molly Brown, a Titanic survivor. I never thought it would sink. On 13th April, the Titanic was sailing at full speed towards New York.,surprised,was built,spent,was finished,had wanted,The captain _(receive) warnings about icebergs all day, but had paid little attention to the warnings as they _(arrive). At 2.20 a.m., the Titanic sank into the sea. It _(hit) an iceberg just over two hours before. Of the 2,200 people on the ship, only 705 _(survive). Explorer Robert Ballard _(search) for the Titanic for more than 20 year before he found it. When new technology was developed, we (11)_(use) it to send cameras down into sea. Finally, we found the ship . With his cameras, he was able to find the hole along the side of the ship which_(cause) it to fill with water and sink.,had r