并 列 句 Compound Sentence在并列句中，一般有两个或两个以上的互不依从的主谓结构。每个分句意义同等重要，联系密切，无从属关系。通常的并列连词，根据所连接的上下文的逻辑关系，可以分为以下几类：1）表示增补关系的并列连词：and, then, bothand, neithernor, not onlybut also, as well as例如：Jim is good at English, and Tom is good at English, too.Not only Jim but also Tom is good at English.Jim is good at English as well as Tom.Both Jim and Tom are good at English.2) 表示选择关系的并列连词：or, or else, otherwise, eitheror, whetheror例如：We must study hard, otherwise (or) we wont go to college. 我们得努力，否则就上不了大学。3) 表示转折关系的并列连词：but, while, however例如：They were surprised that a child should work out the problem while they themselves couldnt.他们很奇怪一个孩子能解决这个问题而他们自己却不能。4) 表示因果关系的并列连词：so, therefore例如：It is very hot outside, so I dont want to go out. 外面太热，所以我不想出去。小试牛刀 neithernor and eitheror or so but then1. I hate smoking, _ I dont like drinking, either.2. Be careful, _ you will fall off the bike.3. I like chocolate, _ it is bad for teeth.4. _ Saturday _ Sunday is OK. Ill be free in these two days.5. I wanted to know the answer, _ I went to ask him.6. He had a drink, _ went to bed.7. In spring it is_hot _ cold here.状 语 从 句（Adverbial Clause）1）地点状语从句:例如：Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 You should put the book where it was. . 你应该把书放回原处。2) 时间状语从句：( when,as soon as, after, while,until,the first time etc.)例如：As soon as he finishes the work, he will come to see me.他一完成工作就来看完。The first time I met him, he was reading a book.第一次遇到他的时候，他正在看书。3) 原因状语从句：（since, because,as etc.）例如：Since he is very busy, we had better leave him alone.因为他很忙，我们最好让他一个人呆着。4) 结果状语从句：( sothat, such that, so that, etc.)例如：He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.The boy is so young that he cant go to school.The boy is very young so that he cant go to school.他太小还不能上学。5) 目的状语从句：(so that/in order that )例如：You must get up earlier so that/in order that you can catch the first bus.你得早点起床以便赶上头班车。6) 方式状语从句：(as, (just) asso, as if, as though,the way )例如：Do just as I say and sit down.照我说的做,然后坐下.He acts as though no one existed.他自行其是,好像没人在场一样.Please pronounce the word the way I do.请照我这样,读这个单词.7) 条件状语从语：(if, unless, as/so long as, in case, on condition that, etc.)例如：Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired .除非你太累了要不然我们出去散散步。You can use the bicycle on condition that you return it tomorrow.只要你明天归还,自行车你可以拿去用。8) 让步状语从句：(although, though, however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whenever, wherever, no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) （无论）, even if, even though)例如：Although/Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个小孩，却知道很多。9) 比较状语从句：（as.as ， than， not as/so.as，the more.the more）例如：The work is not so difficult as you imagine.这工作不像你想像的那么困难。Its easier than I thought. 比我想的容易些。The more you study, the more knowledge you can get.你学的知识越多，你的知识越丰富。宾 语 从 句(Objective clause)*定义：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.*学习宾语从句三要素： 连接词 语序 时态。一、宾语从句的连接词从属连词连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有 that；if；whether.that 引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而 if 和 whether 引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.例如：He believes that he can improve his English by working hard.他相信通过努力他能够提高英语。I dont know if/whether I can improve my English by working hard.我不知道通过努力我是否能提高英语。连接代词连接代词一般指疑问.主要有 who, whom , whose, what ,whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever 等.例如：I dont know what you did last night.我不知道你昨晚干了什么。I dont care who they can believe.他们相信谁我不管。连接副词连接副词主要有 when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however 等.例如：The map will show you where the school is.这地图会告诉你这所学校在哪里.He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.二、宾语从句的时态1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当的时态。所以，宾语从句的时态应根据实际情况而定。例如：She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday.她说她从周一至周五上班。She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei.她说她从来没有去过峨嵋山。2）当主句的谓语动词的时态是一般过去时的时候，其宾语从句的时态一般要用一适当的过去时态。例如：He said there were no classes yesterday .他说昨天没有课。He said (that) he was going to look after the baby.他说他会去照看这个婴儿。He said (that) they were having a meeting then.他说他们那时正在开会。注意：但是当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时，其时态仍旧用一般现在时。例如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.他说光比声音传播得快。三、宾语从句的语序1.宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主+谓语+其它成分” 。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构Can you tell me when will the meeting start?()Can you tell me when the meeting will start?( )例题：1. You cant imagine _when they received the nice gift.A. how they were excited B. how excited they wereC. how excited were they D. they were how excited2. I dont know _.A. where he comes B. where comes heC. Where does he come D. Where he does come2. 主句的谓语动词是 think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, guess 等,并且主句的主语是第一人称,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来.例如：我认为他不会来我的舞会.I think he wont come to my party. ()I dont think he will come to my party. ( )3.如果主句是第一人称 I 或 we 时，变反意疑问句时看从句。如果主句不是第一人称时则看主句。例如：I think he is a good student, isnt he ？They want to know if he is a good student, dont they ？例题：(1) I dont think he is ri