Chap. 2.3,English vs. Chinese: Ten pairs of Features,中英文语法上有哪些区别？,量词,时态,格,语态,英文：词与词的关系通过形态变化体现； 中文：词与词的关系通过次序或者助词体现,数,2.3.1 Synthetic vs. Analytic,综合语与分析语 要点 综合语运用形态变化来表达语法关系；分析语用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。 A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms(词形变化) to express grammatical relationships. An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words(虚词), auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations.,2.3.1.1 Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional,Inflection, word order and the use of function words are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences. Inflected endings: nouns, pronouns, verbs Busbuses hehis/ him movemoved Different grammatical meanings: parts of speech, gender, number, case, person, tense, voice, mood, non-finite verbs, etc.,1 He moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishingly rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movement astonished us. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved was astonishing. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. (Jespersen 1924) 他行动迅速，令人吃惊。,2.3.1.2 word order: flexible vs. inflexible,The inflection of a language has much to do with the position of words in the sentence. The less inflective a language, the more rigid the word order. Hence word order in English is not so rigid as in Chinese.,inversion,(1) interrogative inversion 疑问倒装 What in the world do you mean? (2) imperative inversion 命令倒装 Come you! (3) exclamatory inversion 惊叹倒装 What a beautiful voice you have! (4) hypothetical inversion 假设倒装 A pair of black eyes might have done some execution had they been placed in a smoother face. (5) balance inversion 平衡倒装 Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that she had disappeared. (6) link inversion 衔接倒装 Such are the rewards that always crown virtue. (7) negative inversion 否定倒装 Not a finger did I lay on him.,英语的词序够灵活吧？！,2.3.1.3 use of function words: English and Chinese Make Use of Different Types of Function Words,English function words include the articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, coordinators(并列连接词), and subordinators (从属连接词), while Chinese function words include particles (助词，语气词), connectives and prepositions. Each has its own features in the use of these words.,Example: English articles,1 She was with a child. She was with child. 2 They are students of our school. They are the students of our school. 3 I have lived here for more than a year. I have lived here for more than one year. 4 Please take a chair. He took the chair today. He took the chair of the committee.,Chinese particles,1 aspect particles(动态助词): 着，了，过 2 structural particles(结构助词)：的，地，得 3 emotional particles(语气助词)：吗，呢，吧 如：你啊，老这样下去可不行！ 这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。 打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只好投降。,2.3.1.4 intonation vs. tone(语调和声调),English is an intonation language while Chinese is a tone language. Eg: You are going to buy that house.( , ) One of the important features in modern Chinese is the predominance of disyllables and quadrisyllables (双音节化和四音节化), thus the duplication of characters, repetition of words, four-character expressions and so on have become popular Chinese grammatical and rhetorical devices.,It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silence of bee and flowers and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.,绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地静谧，这日子是如此万籁俱寂。然而并非安静，因为万物各以其适宜的时刻，特有的节奏，或动，或摇，或振，或起，或伏。,2.3.2 rigid vs. supple,刚性与柔性 要点 英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范；汉语主谓结构具有多样性、复杂性和灵活性。,English sentence structure is composed of noun phrase and verb phrase. A sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete. The subject must agree with the predicate verb in person and number, etc. This rigid S-V concord (主谓协调一致) forms the kernel of a sentence. Five basic English patterns: 1 S V (主谓) 2 S V P (主系表) 3 S V O (主谓宾) 4 S V o O (主谓间接宾语直接宾语) 5 S V O C (主谓宾宾补),Chinese, however, is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal markers. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible and thus complicated and supple. 例：subject: 1 文章翻译完了。（受事主语） 2 全市到处在兴建新工厂。（地点主语） 3 累得我站不起来了。（无主句） Predicate: 1 天高云淡。（形容词做谓语） 2 她出国留学去了。（连动式谓语） 3 我介绍他加入协会。（兼语式谓语） 4 这项合同经理要签名。（主谓词组做谓语）,Various English Cohesive ties,*relatives: who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how *connectives: and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, eitheror,while, until, sothat, unless, lest Eg: 1 All was clear up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 过了些时候，从远方传来消息：在小铜球坠落的当天