不定式的形式,不定式的句法功能 1） 作主语 a) 不定式作主语时，常用it放在句首代替不定式，而将不定式移至谓语后面。 To complete the 24-storied building in 10 months was a great achievement.(it was a great achievement to complete the 24-storied building in 10 months) b) 有时用“for/of +代词/名词”表示不定式的逻辑主语，但要注意区别。 It is important for you to use your time wisely.(it is important that you use your time wisely) It was brave of him to dive from the cliff.(he was brave to dive from the cliff.),作主补的形容词有: absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, cowardly, cruel, foolish, generous, good, honest, kind, nice, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful, thoughtless, wicked, wise, wrong等。 2) 作宾语 a) 动词+不定式 we hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers. 能带不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, ask, attempt, begin, remember, choose, demand.等 b）动词+wh-词+不定式 they asked how to get to the railway station. 能用这种结构的动词有：consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, understand, wonder等。,3） 作宾语补足语 a) 动词+名词/代词+不定式 he challenged Ann to race him to the school. 能带这种结构做宾补的动词：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect,* feel, find, force,*have, *hear, *help, *make, *notice 注：带有*的动词后面的不定式不带to. b) 动词+it+形容词/名词+不定式 He feels it challenging to be a supermarket manager. 宾补 宾 语 能用这样的结构的作宾补的动词还有：consider, judge, make等。,动词+名词/代词 + to be /to have They appointed professor Johnson to be the president of the university. 能带这种结构的作宾补的动词还有：choose, declare, find, guess, imagine, think, report, prove等 注：这种结构多用于正式文体，口语或非正式文体常用宾语从句 4) 作定语 a) 由only, last, next, 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不 定式作定语 he is always the last one to leave the office. This is the third case of smallpox to occur in the town. b) 不定式常用作下列名词/代词的定语：ability, ambition, anything, attempt, capability, chance, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something, tendency, time, way, wish等,Anything to do with the sun is called “solar”. I have no desire to travel. c)不定式动词或动词短语及其修饰的词有时有动宾关系 man still has a lot to learn about the brain. Here is letter for you to type. 注：不定式后面不能再带宾语 3） 作状语 a) 表示目的 to do his work Einstein needed only a pen and a pad of paper. b) 表示结果 john left his hometown ten years ago, never to return. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. c) 表示原因 they laughed to see the clown.,a) 不定式常用于修饰下列形容词：able, afraid, angry, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, difficult, eager, happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, right, thoughtful, thoughtless, unable, unwilling,等 the water is unfit to drink. Ann is easy to get along with. 不定式的进行式、完成式、和被动语态 1） 不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生 I am happy to be working with you.,2) 不定式的完成式 a）不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前 it is nice to have talked to you. b) 在should like/ would like/ love 等结构后面，表示过去未实现的动作 Id like to have gone with you on your hike last weekend. 在表示“打算”、“计划”等含义的过去时动词后面， 可用不定式的完成式表示动作没有实现 we planned to have finished the work before supper. I wished I have read the story.,不定式的被动语态 a) 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作承受者时，不定时一般要用被动语态。不定式的逻辑主语可能出现在句中，也可能省略。 She doesnt like to be treated as a guest. To be invited to speak here is a great honor. b) 有些不定式被动语态已成为固定词组，须牢记 women have become a force to be reckoned with in society. The matter is not to be trifled with.,c) 不定式的主动语态有时也可表被动意义。常见有以下几种 i) 习惯用法 I am not to blame. The house is to let. ii) 有时既可用不定式的主动语态又可用被动语态；但意义有所差别 my tyre is punctured. There is nothing to be done. I have to walk home.(没办法) could you get me something to read? I have nothing to do.（无事可作） iii) 有时不定式的主动语态和被动语态无差别 there is no time to be lost. There is no time to lose.,“tooto”, “enoughto”及其变体的意义 “tooto”, “enoughto”的意义 a) “tooto”中的不定式具有否定意义，表示是“太不能”。 The parcel was too large to come by letter post. b) “enoughto”中的不定式具有肯定意义，表示“足够能”。 The hall is big enough to hold a hundred people. 类似的结构还有“notenough to”,表示“不够不能” he is not tall enough to reach the top shelf.,2) “tooto”变体的意义 a) “not/never tooto”表示肯定的意义 I am not too busy to come.（我不是忙得来不了，即我能够来） We are never too old to learn.(我们活到老学到老) b) “toonot to”表示肯定意思 he is too smart not to see your point.(他很聪明，不会不明白你的意思) c) “but/only too”表示肯定的意义 he is but/only too glad to join us.(他恨不得和我们在一起),d） “too ready/eager to”表示时刻准备或急于；“too apt/ incline to”表示易于 we are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism.（他总是动不动毫不留情的批评别人） he is too inclined to be cheated.“他很容易上当受骗” 不带to的不定式 1） 用于feel, have, hear, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watch等动词后面做宾补时 father had my brother wash the car yesterday. 当see, make, hear用于被动语态时，不定式要保留to。 Was anyone seen to go out?,2) 在had better 和would rather 后面 if I want to save money, youd better go to the campus bookstore to get used textbooks Would you rather drive there or go by bus? 3) 在help 后面的不定式可以不带to, 也可以保留to he helped me (to) mow the lawn.(修剪草坪) 4) rather/sooner than 位于句首时。 Rather than go by bus, he walks to his office every day. 位于句末时，其后的不定式带不带to均可 he walks to his