v 严复的“信、达、雅”三字诀(Triple Principle of Translation) 信(faithfulness)：忠实准确 达(expressiveness)：通顺流畅 雅(elegance)：文字古雅v 林语堂先生的“忠实(faithfulness)，通顺(smoothness)，美(beautifulness)说”；v 傅雷先生的“神似”（resemblance in spirit/spiritual conformity ）；v 朱生豪先生的“传神达意说；v 钱钟书先生的“化境”（reaching the acme of perfection/ sublimed adaptation ）Alexander Fraser Tytler：Three Principles of Translationv The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work(译作应该完全传达原作的思想)；v The style and manner of writing in the translation should be of the same character with that of the original (译作的风格与笔调应当与原作保持一致)； v The translation should have all the ease of the original composition(译作应当和原作一样流畅)Translation Strategiesl Literal translation l Free translation l Foreignization l Domestication Literal Translationl crocodile tears ( 鳄鱼的眼泪);l be armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿);l chain reaction (连锁反应);l gentlemens agreement ( 君子协定) l “三教九流”( the three religions and the nine schools of thought);l “四书五经”(the Four Books and the Five Classics);l “纸老虎”(paper tiger) ;l “一国两制”(one country，two systems) Free Translationv Adams apple v At sixes and sevens v It rains cats and dogsv Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. v Do you see any green in my eye? v Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid v Little fish does not eat big fish v What the tongue says，the neck pays for. v A gift is the key to open the door closed against you v I love tiger cat, . British movies on public television, fluffy blouses, the nuclear family, . ( Helen Snow, My China Years )Foreignizing Translation(异化译法受到译入语文化价值观的民族偏离主义压力，注意到外语文本的语言和文化差异，把读者带入外国情景，体验外国人的阅读感受)to kill two birds with one stone All roads lead to Rome像 汉 语 里 的 “妯 娌” 和 “连 襟”， 就 难 以 直 译 成 英 语， 只 能 意 译 成 women who are married to brothers 以 及 men who are married to sisters。她 们 是 妯 娌。They are married to brothers 他 们 是 连 襟。They are married to sisters王 军 是 我 的 连 襟。Wang Jun is my brother-in-law. Wang Jun and I are married to sisters. v 著 名 动 画 片 狮 子 王（The Lion King） v the lions share（最 大 或 最 好 的 一 份）v beard the lion in his den（ 入 狮 穴 捋 狮 须； 太 岁 头 上 动 土）v a lion in the way（ 拦 路 虎） the lions mouth （虎 口， 虎 穴）v 槁木死灰 withered wood / cold ashesv 骨瘦如柴 be lean as a rakev 对牛弹琴 cast pearls before swinev 滚石不生苔 A rolling stone gathers no moss.v 众人拾柴火焰高Many hands make light work.竹篮打水一场空 Drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothingv 好风快扬帆。v Hoist your sail when the wind is fair.v 小洞不堵要沉大船。v A small leak will sink a great ship.v 没有目标的生活，如同没有罗盘的航行。v Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.v 要识好海员，须凭坏天气。v The good seaman is known in bad weather.v 平静的大海练不出好水手。A smooth sea never made a skillful marinerv 胆小如鼠 as timid as a rabbit 吹牛 to talk horsev 如鱼得水 like a duck to water 烂醉如泥 drunk as a sailorv 一箭之遥 at a stones throw 水中捞月 to fish in the airv 如履薄冰 to tread upon eggs 天长地久 as long as the hillsv 多如牛毛 as plentiful as blackberriesv 石沉大海 remain a dead letterv 挥金如土 spend money like waterv 掌上明珠 the apple of ones eyev 冷若冰霜 as cool as a cucumberv 挂羊头卖狗肉 to cry up wine and sell vinegarv 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king. v Man proposes, God disposes.v God help those who help themselves.v He that serves God for money will serve the devil for better wages.v 跑了和尚跑不了庙。v 佛靠金装，人靠衣裳。v 放下屠刀，立地成佛。v 泥菩萨过河，自身难保。v 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。v 蜀中无大将，廖化作先锋。v 鹬蚌相争，鱼翁得利。v 塞翁失马，焉知非福。v 狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。v A sword of Damoclesv The Gordian Knotv Judass kiss Pandoras boxv 地肥 rich land 水肥 highly-productive water 肥缺a well paid jobv 日服三次，每次一片 v To be taken three times a day, one tablet each time.v 你说得有道理，我服了。v What you said is reasonable. Im convinced.v 他不服指导。v He refused to obey directions.v 我在那里只住了三天，因为不服水土，又回来了。v I stayed there for only three days before I returned home, because I was not accustomed to the climate there.v 服兵役是每个青年的义务。v Its the duty of every young man to serve in the army.v 那位拳击手还在服刑。v That boxer is still serving a sentence.v Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.v 在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。v Three men were killed in the accident. v 有三个男子在事故中丧生。v The engine was killed by the flood.v 汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。v Your joke nearly killed me. v 你的笑话真是笑死人。v Im reading this book just to kill time.v 我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。中国人重整体、偏重综合性思维，英美人重个体、偏重分析性思维v 搞得我心乱如麻。 It made me upset.v 热得我们满身大汗。 The heat makes us sweat.v 黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。v Pitch dark. I dont know whether it is day or night.v 接到你的来信，十分高兴。 v I am very glad to receive your letter.v 是我们错了。 It is us who are wrong. v 气得他说不出话来。He was so angry that he couldnt speak.中国人重直觉，英美人重实证v 他因感情冲动而误入歧途。 v 他一阵发怒之后，既不难过，也不后悔。 v 他一想到