- 10 -Tracking Tool: Are Terrorists Crazy?Organizing Your Research ResultsYour CommentsSource: (author, title, source, date, pages, url, etc.)Title: On the Psychology of Suicide Bombing By: Altman, NeilTikkun, Mar/Apr2005, 20(2)Database: Academic Search EliteAuthor is a psychology professor at New York UniversityKeywords: suicide bomber; psychologySubject(s)Date accessed: Retrieved October 23, 2005Key Points:Suicide bombers try to break a cycle of humiliation by striking back at those who shamed them. Their sacrifice sends the message that their enemies are responsible for their shame and ultimately for their death.“While there are military reasons for suicide attacks, such reasons are not sufficient to require suicide.”“Extreme shame, extreme humiliation, can be experienced as psychological death. . . . The word mortification, which has come to refer to states of humiliation, means, literally, to be rendered dead.”“By killing himself, the suicide bomber undoes the indignity of having been helpless to prevent his death at the hands of another and turns the tables by killing that other. At the same time, he attempts to force on the Israeli consciousness the knowledge of the fact that he has been murdered psychologically and that they are being held responsible.”“Jessica Stern, in her recent book, Terror in the Name of God, quotes Hassan Salameh, a Hamas leader: I feel that my people and I have been murdered in the soul by the Israeli occupation. Believing himself to have already been killed by Israelis, the Palestinian suicide bomber acts to throw his own death back at his oppressor in an act that is at once retributive and communicative.”Explains suicide bombings as a response to a cycle of humiliationThis idea is also found in Suicidology articleOrganizing Your Research ResultsYour CommentsSource: (author, title, source, date, pages, url, etc.)Atran, ScottGenesis and Future of Suicide Terrorismhttp:/www.interdisciplines.org/terrorism/papers/1Keywords: suicide bomber; psychologySubject(s)Date accessed: Retrieved October 23, 2005Key Points:“Krueger and colleagues found that although one third of Palestinians live in poverty, only 13 percent of Palestinian suicide bombers do; 57 percent of bombers have education beyond high school versus 15 percent of the population of comparable age.”“Psychologist Brian Barber surveyed 900 Moslem adolescents during Gazas first Intifada (19871993). Results show high levels of participation in and victimization from violence. For males, 81% reported throwing stones, 66% suffered physical assault, and 63% were shot at (versus 51, 38, and 20% for females). Involvement in violence was not strongly correlated with depression or antisocial behavior. Adolescents most involved displayed strong individual pride and social cohesion. This was reflected in activities: for males, 87% delivered supplies to activists, 83% visited martyred families, and 71% tended the wounded (57, 46, and 37% for females). A follow-up during the second Intifada (2000 2002) indicates that those still unmarried act in ways considered personally more dangerous but socially more meaningful. Increasingly, many view martyr acts as most meaningful. By summer 2002, 70 to 80% of Palestinians endorsed martyr operations.”“It is the particular genius of institutions, like Al-Qaeda, Hamas or Hezbollah, that takes ordinary people into a mind-set of historical, political and religious grievance and turns them into human bombs.”Many jihadists interrogated at Guantanmo had not been victims of violence themselves. They were following in the footsteps of older members of their family.Organizing Your Research ResultsYour CommentsSource: (author, title, source, date, pages, url, etc.)Scott McConnell The Logic of Suicide Terrorisminterview with Robert PapeJuly 18, 2005 IssueThe American Conservativehttp:/amconmag.com/2005_07_18/article.htmlRobert Pape, who teaches at the University of Chicago, is author of Dying to Win: The Logic of Suicide Terrorism. He analyzed thousands of terrorist attacks from 1980 to early 2004.Keywords: “Robert Pape” interviewSubject(s)Date accessed: October 24, 2005Key Points:“The central fact is that overwhelmingly suicide-terrorist attacks are not driven by religion as much as they are by a clear strategic objective: to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland.”“The purpose of a suicide-terrorist attack is not to die. It is the kill, to inflict the maximum number of casualties on the target society in order to compel that target society to put pressure on its government to change policy.”Bombing in Spain was intended to force Spain to withdraw, which would cause others to withdraw from the coalition“For most suicide terrorists, thei