Automation and Ability,Benjamin A. Clegg Department of Psychology Colorado State University,Eric D. Heggestad Department of Psychology University of North Carolina at Charlotte,Overview,Levels of Automation Cognitive Ability Task Performance Automation groups: preliminary data Ability Battery Ability factors: preliminary data Continuing work,Automation,What is automation? “a device or system that accomplishes (partially or fully) a function that was previously carried out (partially or fully) by a human operator.” (Wickens, Mavor, Parasuraman, & McGee, 1998),Automation,Ever increasing introduction of automation Improved performance & safety Efficiency (fewer people doing more jobs) Support of the person,Change in Emphasis,Previous issue technical capabilities of automation Often overlooked issue human capabilities in interacting with automation,Automation,Automation need not be an all or none thing Variety of types of automation Concept of Levels of Automation Sheridan & Verplank (1978),10. The computer decides everything and acts autonomously, ignoring the human. 9. informs the human only if it, the computer, decides to 8. informs the human only if asked, or 7. executes automatically, then necessarily informs the human, and 6. allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution, or 5. executes that suggestion if the human approves, or 4. suggests one alternative, and 3. narrows the selection down to a few, or 2.The computer offers a complete set of decision/action alternatives, or 1. The computer offers no assistance: the human must take all decisions and actions.,LOW,HIGH,10. The computer decides everything and acts autonomously, ignoring the human. 9. informs the human only if it, the computer, decides to 8. informs the human only if asked, or 7. executes automatically, then necessarily informs the human, and 6. allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution, or 5. executes that suggestion if the human approves, or 4. suggests one alternative, and 3. narrows the selection down to a few, or 2.The computer offers a complete set of decision/action alternatives, or 1. The computer offers no assistance: the human must take all decisions and actions.,LOW,HIGH,10. The computer decides everything and acts autonomously, ignoring the human. 9. informs the human only if it, the computer, decides to 8. informs the human only if asked, or 7. executes automatically, then necessarily informs the human, and 6. allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution, or 5. executes that suggestion if the human approves, or 4. suggests one alternative, and 3. narrows the selection down to a few, or 2.The computer offers a complete set of decision/action alternatives, or 1. The computer offers no assistance: the human must take all decisions and actions.,LOW,HIGH,6. Computer suggests one action, and executes automatically but allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution,10. The computer decides everything and acts autonomously, ignoring the human. 9. informs the human only if it, the computer, decides to 8. informs the human only if asked, or 7. executes automatically, then necessarily informs the human, and 6. allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution, or 5. executes that suggestion if the human approves, or 4. suggests one alternative, and 3. narrows the selection down to a few, or 2.The computer offers a complete set of decision/action alternatives, or 1. The computer offers no assistance: the human must take all decisions and actions.,LOW,HIGH,6. Computer suggests one action, and executes automatically but allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution,5. Suggestion of one action, and executes if the human approves,10. The computer decides everything and acts autonomously, ignoring the human. 9. informs the human only if it, the computer, decides to 8. informs the human only if asked, or 7. executes automatically, then necessarily informs the human, and 6. allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution, or 5. executes that suggestion if the human approves, or 4. suggests one alternative, and 3. narrows the selection down to a few, or 2.The computer offers a complete set of decision/action alternatives, or 1. The computer offers no assistance: the human must take all decisions and actions.,LOW,HIGH,6. Computer suggests one action, and executes automatically but allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution,5. Suggestion of one action, and executes if the human approves,1. Computer offers no assistance,10. The computer decides everything and acts autonomously, ignoring the human. 9. informs the human only if it, the computer, decides to 8. informs the human only if asked, or 7. executes automatically, then necessarily informs the human, and 6. allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution, or 5. executes that sugg