Cross-cultural Communication,2 4th Week,Contents,Culture Review - Definition of Culture - Nature of Culture - Layers of Culture - Variables of Culture - Dimensions of Culture,Definition,What is Culture? Culture is a learned, shared, interrelated set of symbols which unite and identify members of a society (Morrison, J. 2002).,Definition,What is Culture? Culture is a set of learned core values, beliefs, standards, knowledge, morals, laws and behaviors shared by individuals and societies that determines how an individual acts, feels, and views oneself and others.,Definition,Aspects of culture - Values and Beliefs - Communication (verbal & Nonverbal) - Norms of behavior - Customs - Art, music, dance, sport, etc,Nature,Be shared Be learned Be adaptive Be Universal Be diversified,Layers,Culture as an Iceberg Culture Onion Functional-level Culture,Variables,kinship Education Economy Politics Religion Association Health Recreation,Dimension (1),Hofstede (1990s) - Power Distance - Uncertainty Avoidance - Individualism - Masculinity - Long/Short Term Orientation,Dimension (2),Trompenaars (1994) - Universalism vs Particularism - Individualism vs Collectivism - Neutral vs Diffuse - Specific vs Diffuse - Achievement vs Ascription,