Chapter Six Education,【6.1 The Education of China】 【中国文学】,6.1.1 Education Administration,In China, government is the principle investor in education, although private educational investment has been increasing rapidly since 1978. As a result of the reform, decision-making in the area of education has become much more decentralized. Local government is playing a key role in compulsory education, while central and provincial government are dominant in higher education. In occupational and adult education, non-governmental entities including industrial organizations, businesses and public institutions play an important role. Ministry of Education of PRC is the supreme education administrative body in China, which is responsible for carrying out related laws, regulations, guidelines and policies of the central government; planning development of education sector; integrating and coordinating educational initiatives and programs nationwide; maneuvering and guiding education reform countrywide.,I. Basic Education Chinas reform and opening up since 1978 has brought the basic education into a new period of development. In 1999, the State Council mapped out an outlined program for the reform and development of the educational system, making clear the orientation of development and basic principles for developing basic education. Basic education services are principally provided by local governments under the guidance of the state. The State Education Commission is responsible for formulating rules, principles and policies and general development program and basic school systems. The state has set aside grants for poverty-stricken areas, areas inhabited by people of minority nationalities and teachers schools. .,6.1.2 The Chinese Educational System,Nursery Schools Nursery schools are mainly in cities. Some offer three-year education services; some offer one year or two years of education. The nursery schools are managed according to the state regulations on the management of nursery schools and work procedure for nurseries and other legal documents issued by the state. 2. Primary and Secondary Schools In China, there are primary schools, junior secondary schools and senior secondary schools, offering a total of 12 years of education. Primary schools usually last five years or six years. The nine years from primary to junior secondary are the compulsory education period. The regular senior secondary schools usually last three years to prepare the students for further and higher education.,6.1.2 The Chinese Educational System,II. Higher Education Since the implementation of reform and opening up, the reform and development of higher or tertiary education have made significant achievements. A higher education system with various forms, which encompasses basically all branches of learning, combines both degree-education and non-degree education and integrates college education, undergraduate education and graduate education, has taken shape. Higher education in China has played an important role in the economic construction, science progress and social development by bringing up large scale of advanced talents and experts for the construction of socialist modernization.,6.1.2 The Chinese Educational System,1. Universities and University Colleges Colleges and universities in China are administered through a unified control by the Central Government and management at two levels: the Central Government and the provincial governments. The State Council and the Ministry of Education are responsible for taking policy decisions, development plans, reforms and providing guidance to higher education institutions. 2. Degrees and Diplomas Degrees titles vary according to each university. The most common titles are bachelor of arts or bachelor of science, master of arts, master of science or doctor of philosophy. 3. Terms of Study The term of study in most colleges and universities is 4 years, while that for those of medicine and some engineering is 5 years. Students are required to complete all the required courses of total credits within the provision of the school-year for graduation.,6.1.2 The Chinese Educational System,III. Adult Education Because only 4 percent of the countrys senior secondary graduates are admitted to universities, China has found it necessary to develop other ways of meeting the demand for education. Adult education has become increasingly important in helping China meet its modernization goals.,6.1.2 The Chinese Educational System,【6.2 The Education of the United States 】 【美国的教育】,The US has the most diversified education system in the world, with public and private schools (“school” usually refers to everything from kindergarten to university) at all levels flourishing alongside each other.Education is primarily the responsibility of state and local government, and so there is little standardization in the curriculum, for example. The individual states have great control over what is taught in their s