第四章 心理应激 Psychological stress,Psychological stress,The definition of stress Canon Selye H，1907-1982 general adaptation syndrome alarm resistance exhaustion,The development of definition of stress,Stressor :应激是引起机体发生应激反应的刺激物。 Response:应激是机体对有害刺激的反应。 Interaction:应激是应激源和应激反应的中间变量。,Psychological stress,心理应激是个体在觉察需求与满足需求的能力不平衡时倾向与通过整体心理和生理反应表现出来的多因素作用的适应过程。 过程：适应和不适应过程 结果：适应的和不适应的 应激源：生物、心理、社会等 应激反应：心理、生理、行为 认知评价：起重要作用,Psychological stress,The process of stress,生活事件,认知评价,应对方式,社会支持,个性特征,心理反应 行为反应 生理反应,心理疾病 躯体疾病,Physiological interaction,stressor,应激源的概念：应激源是造成心理应激并可能导致躯体和心理损伤的刺激物。,The types of stressors,按应激源的属性分类: 1.躯体性应激源 physical stressor 2.心理性应激源 psychological stressor 3.社会性应激源 social stressor 4.文化性应激源 cultural stressor,The types of stressors,按事件的现象学分类 1.工作问题 2.恋爱、婚姻、家庭问题 3.人际关系问题 4.经济问题 5.个人健康问题 6.自我实现和自尊方面 7.喜庆事件,The types of stressors,按事件对个体的影响分 1.正性生活事件positive live events 2.负性生活事件negative events,The types of stressors,按事件的主客观属性分 1.客观事件 objective events 2.主观事件 subjective events,The research of stressor,Holmes and Rahe (1976) 5000subjects Social Readjustment Rating Scale, SRRS, Life Change Unite,LCU 300:86% 应激性生活事件的量化研究,The research of stressor,negative, unpredictable, persistant, Un-control (模拟现实生活中的应激如：束缚、孤养、噪音、拥挤等)。,Psychological response of stress,1.Excessive and compulsive behaviors, such as nail biting, overeating,pacing,picking and talking. 2.Illogical and non-coherent thinking, as evidenced by memory loss,repetitive thoughts,reduced ability to solve day to day problems. 3.negative emotion, such as anger,anxiety, depression,guilt,or shame.,Behavior response of stress,1.escape or avoidance 2.regression or dependence 3.hostility or attack 4.helplessness and self-pity 5.drug addiction,physiological response,According to Selyes and Cannon : the response of stress is fight and flight response fight-confrontation flight-escape,Fight-flight response (reflection),Physiological response of stress,The endocrine Response: Our endocrine system secretes hormones directly into our bloodstream via a series of glands. Adrenal glands: Adrenal medulla(inner cove)-adrenaline-increase the activity level of our heart, liver, and muscles. Adrenal cortex(outer shell)-corticosteroids-reduce inflammation,Physiological response of stress,Physiological response of stress,The Immune Response Immuno-suppressants: our bodies release natural suppressants when under stress. Those suppressants decrease the efficiency of our immune system.,Stress system (interaction of physiology),下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质系统 蓝斑-交感-肾上腺髓质系统 导致糖皮质激素和盐皮质激素分泌增加和 交感神经功能亢进。,The interaction of psychology,Cognitive appraisal: means the ideas of the nature , intensity , persistence time and danger about stressor. There are two types of cognitive appraisal : First cognitive appraisal and second Cognitive appraisal,Cognitive appraisal,event,First appraisal,adaptation,Second appraisal,Problem focus,Emotion focus,Coping,What is coping? Characteristic way of one handle with stress. Types of coping: Coping can be divided into two types. problem solving and emotional coping,Types of coping,Problem solving: attempts to change the conditions that produce stress. eg. reduce the tension of noise, study hard, and take rest. Emotional coping: altering of oneself to reduce tress. eg: cry, doing excise and relax.,The study of coping,The study of coping style positive and negative coping The study of coping and stress coping styles effect the response of stress The study of coping theory,Defense mechanism,The definition of Defense mechanism The kind of Defense mechanism denial,regression,fantasy,displacement,rationalization,reaction formation,etc.,Personality traits and vulnerability to stress,1.Anxiety: a fear response to a perceived future threat 2.Depression:a mood disorder characterized by excessive sadness 3.Learned helplessness:Occurs when a person has learned to be helpless in one situation and transfers that appraisal to a new situation in which an adequate response is possible.,Personality traits and vulnerability to stress,4.Hostility: a state of antagonism or enmity 5. Self-absorbed: excessively engrosses in ones self or ones affairs. 6.Vigilance:alert watchfulness,Personality Types and Vulnerability,Type A: a personality type characterized by impatience and work addiction; thought susceptible to premature heart disorders. Type B: personality type characterized by patience,trust, good nature,and an easy going style that is thought to protect them against premature heart disorders.,The urgent behavior of type A personality based on a set of beliefs and fears, many of which are irrational,Beliefs: 1.My self-esteem is based on my material accomplishments. 2.I am worthless if I do not achieve worldly success. 3.There are no universal moral principles. 4. All human and natural resources are limited,The urgent behavior of type A personality based on a set of beliefs and fears, many of which are irrational,Fears: 1.Good may not prevail over evil; there