天津职业技术师范大学2012届本科生毕业设计英文资料与中文翻译Robotics1、The Robotics ApplicationMany of the robots in use today do jobs that are especially difficult for human workers. These are the types of jobs that require great strength or pose danger. For example, robots are particularly useful in the auto-manufacturing industry where parts of automobiles must be welded together. A welding tool used by a human worker weighs about 100 pounds or more and is difficult to handle. As mechanical supermen, robots may be called upon to do anything from moving heavy components between workstations on a factory floor to carrying bags of cement.Spray painting is another task suited to robots because robots do not need to breathe. Unlike human painters, they are unaffected by the poisonous fumes. Robots are better at this task, not because they are faster or cheaper than humans, but because they work in a place where humans cannot.Third in the list of useful jobs for robots is the assembly of electronic parts. Robots shine at installing chips in printed circuit boards because of a capability that robots have that people dont. A robot, once properly programmed, will mot put a chip in the wrong place. This automatic accuracy is particularly valuable in this kind of industry because locating and fixing mistakes is costly2、Robotics RevolutionEarlier robots were usually blind and deaf, but newer types of robots are fitted with video cameras and other sensing devices that can detect heat, texture, size, and sound. These robots are used in space projects, nuclear reactor stations, and underwater exploration research.In their efforts to expand the range of robotic applications, researchers are looking beyond traditional designs to examine a variety of potential models from the biological word. The industrial arm is a classic example. Scientists have been able to model robots to imitate the vertebrate spine of a snake in order to paint the interior of automobiles. They have simulated the muscle structure and movement of and elephants trunk in am attempt to create a robotic arm capable of lifting heavy objects. Scientists also emulate the flexibility of an octopus where the tentacles can conform to the fragile objects of any shape and hold them with uniform, gentle pressure. A variation of this design can be used to handle animals, turn hospital patients in their beds, or lift a small child.The challenger of equipping robots with the skills to operate independently, outside of a factory or laboratory, has taxed the ingenuity and creativity of academic, military, and industrial scientists for years. Simply put robot handslike robot legs, or eyes, or reasoning powershave long way to go before they can approach what biological evolution has achieved over by the course of hundreds of millions of years. Much more will have to happen in laboratories around the world before the robots can be compared to natures handiwork.In the meantime, the robotics revolution is already beginning to change the kind of work that people do. The boring and dangerous jobs are now assumed by robots. By the not do. There are also some industrialists who hope that by the year 2000 all their employees will be knowledge workers, no longer standing on assembly lines but rather sitting at desks and computer terminals to deal with information. These changes are already under way, and their pace accelerates every year.3、Intelligent Robots A new phase in robot applications has been opened with the development of “intelligent robots”. An intelligent robot is basically one that must be capable of sensing its surrounding and possesses intelligence enough to respond to a changing to a changing environment in much the same way as we do. Such ability requires the direct application of sensory perception and artificial intelligence. Much of research in robotics has been and is still concerned with how to equip robots with visual sensorseyes and tactile sensorsthe “fingers”. Artificial intelligence will enable the robot to respond to and adapt to changes in its task and in its environment, and to reason and made decisions in reaction to those changes.4、Visional Sensory Much effort has been made to simulate similar human sensory abilities for intelligent robots. Among them, vision is the most important sense as it is estimated that up go 80% of sensory information is received by vision. Vision can be bestowed on robotic systems by using imaging sensors in various ways. For improving accuracy of performances, it can help precisely adjust the robot hand by means of optical feedback control using visual sensors. Determining the location, orientation, and recognition of the parts to be picked up is another important application.Among the vision system, one of the key components is imagery sensor. The imagery sensor of a robot system is defined as an electro-optical device that converts an optical image to a video signal. The image sensor is usually either