Chapter Two Essential Qualities of Sentences,Part II Building Good Sentence,2 Sentence Unity,3 Sentence Coherence,4 Sentence Emphasis,5 Sentence Euphony,6 Sentence Strength,Understanding Sentence,Section 1 The Uses of Sentences,1 Sentence Clarity,Section 2 Some Basic Qualities of Sentences,The Sentence,the first complete organic product of thinking,the unit of style,a group of words capable of expressing a complete thought,Understanding Sentence,Types of Sentences,According to Grammar,As to Meaning, Declarative Sentence Interrogative Sentence Imperative Sentence Exclamatory Sentence,Understanding Sentence,As to Form, Simple sentence Complex Sentence Compound Sentence,According to Rhetoric,As to the Arrangement of Sentences, Periodic Sentence Loose Sentence Balanced Sentence,Understanding Sentence,As to the Structure of Sentence, The Simplest Form The Modified and Enlarged FormComplex, Compound and Complex Forms Elliptical Structure Pleonastic Structureone of the main elements is repeated for,clearness,special distinction,Understanding Sentence,Joys and sorrows, friends and enemies, abundance and povertythese are the things that absorb human thoughts. for the sake of increasing clarity,A teachers duty it is to impart knowledge and educate students. emphatic repetition,Understanding Sentence,Section 1 The Uses of Sentences,Simple Sentenceonly one clausegood for clearness and directness,Compound Sentencetwo or more statements of equal importanceto show contrast, inference, alternative,The Uses of Sentences,Complex Sentenceone Principal clause with one or more Subordinate clausesto show the relative importance, to mark the precise relation of one idea to other ideas,Compound-Complex Sentencetwo or more independent members, at least one of which contains a dependent clausegood for a show of eloquence,Periodic Sentenceno complete thought can be got until the end is reachedgood for promoting suspense, unity of expression,The Uses of Sentences,Loose Sentencenot delay its parts by suspense, complete sense can be secured before the endgood for informal ease, naturalness,Balanced Sentencethe parts are paired, made to balance over against each othergood for making the expression pointed, easily remembered,The Uses of Sentences,Section 2 Some Basic Qualities of Sentences,1 Sentence Clarity the arrangement of words should be such that the meaning cannot be misundrstoodsecured by correct diction, accurate punctuation,(1) Correct Diction,1) Position of Adverbs, As near as possible to the words they modify Sometimes before, sometimes after before the adjectives or adverbs (except the word “enough”) after the intransitive verbs,Sentence Clarity,2) Position of Modifiers in General,As near as possible to word or words they modify,He went to town, on horseback, driving a flock of sheep.,He went to town, driving a flock of sheep, on horseback.,Sentence Clarity,3) Watching for Squinting Construction, A sentence in which the adverb appears to modify two different elements,Tell them tomorrow to begin the work.,Sentence Clarity, A squinting modifier is one that may refer to either the preceding or the following word. A modifier can modify only one grammatical element in sentence. It cannot serve two elements at once.,The work that he hoped would satisfy him completely frustrated him.,Sentence Clarity,4) Use of Pronouns,Should be placed where the antecedent can be easily identified.,Pronoun Reference Errors,Divided Reference occurs when it is not clear to which of two nouns the pronoun is referring,Divided reference: Before Ruth gave the dog its dinner, she washed it. Clear reference: Before Ruth gave the dog its dinner, she washed her pet.,Sentence Clarity,B. Broad Reference occurs when a pronoun refers to a verb or to an adjective or adverb clause,Broad reference: If the Russians rejected communism, it would upset the balance of world power. Clear reference: If the Russians rejected communism, such an action would upset the balance of world power.,Sentence Clarity,C. Weak Reference occurs when a pronoun refers to an implied, or understood antecedent,Weak reference: Daily practice is necessary in ballet training; in fact, they are often as highly trained as athletes. Clear reference: Daily practice is necessary in ballet training; in fact, ballet performers are often as highly trained as athletes.,Sentence Clarity,Exercises for Pronoun Reference,Rewrite these sentences, correcting them for faulty pronoun reference.,Mr. Smith told Mr. Brown that his chickens were in his garden.,(2) Rice is an important crop in China, and many of them have little else to eat.,(3) When we climbed up to the robins nest, it flew away.,(Mr. Smiths),(the Chinese (people),(the bird),Sentence Clarity,(4) European dairy cattle can adjust themselves to a wide range of temperature, particularly if this changes gradually.,(5) Before you give the baby its bottle, shake it well.,(6)