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Welcome to this course! In this course, we are all learners and teachers. Your experiences and capacities are valuable resources for me. Respect for yourself and others is an essential ingredient in creating a positive learning environment. I look forward to working with you to create this kind of learning environment.,Questions,Do you know any thing about this course? What do expect to learn in this course? Have you any plan to learn it?,II. Course Objectives/purposes,The specific course objectives are as follows: To acquire knowledge related to ID ; To develop skills to design an English course; To learn how to do a case study of an ID for EFL To cultivate the ability to study and explore the issues concerned with ID for TEFL,III. Plan.,1.Textbook :Course Design by Fraida Dubin and Elite OLshtain上海外语教育出版社 2. Time schedule: 51periods in one term. 3. Evaluation will be based on: 1)Attendance and participation. 2)Project presentation and handout (the required case studies). 3)Final examination.,Books Recommended:,1.鲁子问,等.英语教学设计 M上海:上海外语教育出版社,1990. 2. Kathleen Graves,2004. Designing Language Courses: A Guide for Teachers,外语教学与研究出版社 3.James Dean Brown,1995.The Elements of Language Curriculum: A Systematic Approach to Program Development外语教学与研究出版社 4.加涅,教学设计原理,上海:华东师范大学出版社。 5.JackC.Richards ,语言教学的流派,外语教学与研究出版社,2000.,V I. What is “教学设计”?,1.Discussion(About a story, P.1 鲁). 2.Questions. 1) What is “教学设计”? 2)Is it the same as “备课”?,I. Translation of“教学设计”“英语教学设计”,1) 1 教学设计(Instructional Design,简称ID); 也称“教学系统设计”(Instructional System Design,简称ISD); “教学系统开发”(Instructional System Development); 或“学习系统设计”(Learning System Design) 英语教学设计instructional design for Teaching English as a foreign language( ID for TEFL) (Refer to Fraida P3-4 for other terms.),Definitions of ID ID as Technology: Instructional technology is the systematic application of strategies and techniques derived from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist theories to the solution of instructional problems. ID is a technology!,David Merrills,教学是一门科学,而教学设计是建立在教学科学这一坚实基础是的技术,因而教学也可以被认为是科学型的技术(science-based technology)。教学的目的使学生获得知识技能,教学设计的目的是创设和促进学生掌握这些知识技能的学习经验和学习环境。,2.Instructional Design as Process,Instructional design is the process of solving instructional problems by systematic analysis of the conditions for learning. (Barbara Seels) ID is a process!,1.教学是以促进学习的方法影响学习者的一系列事件,而教学设计是一个系统化规划教学系统的过程。(加涅,1992) 2.教学系统设计是运用系统方法分析研究教学过程中相互联系的各部分的问题和需求,确立解决它们的方法步骤,然后评价教学成果的系统计划过程。(肯普,1994),史密斯和雷根对“教学设计”所下的定义是: “教学设计是指运用系统方法,将学习理论与教学理论的原理转换成对教学资料和教学活动的具体计划的系统化过程。” 乌美娜教授 的定义: “教学设计是运用系统方法分析教学问题和确定教学目标、建立解决教学问题的策略方案、试行解决方案、评价试行结果和对方案进行修改的过程;它以优化教学效果为目的,以学习理论、教学理论和传播学为理论基础。”,3.I D as a Science:,Instructional design is the science of creating detailed specifications for the development, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance of situations that facilitate the learning of both large and small units of subject matter at all levels of complexity.,赖格卢思(Reigeluth,C. M.)在教学设计是什么及为什么如是说一文中指出: “教学设计是一门涉及理解与改进教学过程的学科。任何设计活动的宗旨都是提出达到预期目的的最优途径(means),因此,教学设计主要是关于提出最优教学方法的处方的一门学科,这些最优的教学方法能使学生的知识和技能发生预期的变化。”,4. ID is a concept! 1) Why “instruction” not “teaching”? 著名教学设计者加涅(Robert M.Gagne)明确说明:“为什么我们用这个词而不用 teaching这个词呢?原因是,我们希望描述对人们的学习有直接影响的所有事件,而不是只描述由教师个人发起的那些事件。” (加涅,1999) 2) 教学设计是以学习理论为基础的现代的教学研究的产物。教学设计是一种以学习者为中心的预设教学活动的理念. 3)鲁子问的定义: (鲁子问p.6-7) 鲁子问: (Refer to P . 6.),5.ID与备课及教师的教案,传统教学理论中的备课关注的是“钻研教材、了解学生、考虑教法”,侧重于对教学过程中的备课环节进行经验性的、描述性的说明,尽管它同样具有形成于活动起始之前的特征,但却缺乏建立在心理学研究成果基础上的科学阐释。,教案是以课时为单位设计的实际教学方案,是课堂教学活动的重要依据。通常包括班级、学科、课题名称、上课时间、课的类型、教学目标、教学方法、教学内容、时间分配等,有时还包括教学媒体的使用、练习题、板书设计和测验题等。 教案是教学设计的产物之一,是教学设计指导教学过程的具体体现。,教学设计是以分析教学需求为基础,以形成解决问题的步骤和方案为目的 教学设计是一个系统计划的过程,有一套具体的操作程序 教学设计形成方案或产物,必须按照程序进行检验评价,教学设计过程的具体产物是经过验证的教学系统,这个系统是一种包含多种要素的能实现某种目标的,具有一定功能的不同层次的综合体。 它可能是一门课程、一个教学方案、一种教学软件或一组教学资源等。,VI. Theoretical Basis of ID,5 different ideas about what the basis of the theories are: 1)单基础说: 2)双基础说: 3)三基础说: 4)四基础说: 5)五基础说:,3 Aspects of the theories of ID:,1.方法理论:系统理论(Refer to P.7鲁); 2.技术理论:传播理论与设计理论(Refer to P.9鲁). 3.教与学的理论:学习理论与教学理论。,1.learning &learning theories,1.definition of learning : In psychology and education, learning is a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in ones knowledge, skills, values, and world views,2.learning theories,A learning theory is an attempt to describe how people learn, helping us understand the inherently(内在地、固有地) complex process of learning. the 3 most inflential learning theories : 1)behaviorism; 2)cognitivism; 3) constructivism.,Behaviorism,Behavorism as a theory was most developed by B. F. Skinner(斯金纳). It loosely includes the work of such people as Thorndike, Tolman, Guthrie, and Hull.,Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environ
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