甲状腺髓样癌的分子分型及治疗,解放军第一一七医院 戚晓平,概况,Histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer Papillary: approximately 80% of all thyroid malignancies; Follicular and Hrthle: approximately 11%; Medullary: less than 5%-8% ; Anaplastic: less than 2%.,Introduction,Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) Sporadic MTC: approximately 75%; 50% somatic RET mutations (p.M918T) -predict a poor prognosis Hereditary MTC: approximately 25%; 98% Germline RET mutations, MEN 2A (95%) and MEN 2B (5%) Arises from the neural crest-derived, calcitonin-secreting, parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland,Introduction,Sporadic MTC: a solitary and unilateral or a palpable cervical lymph node Hereditary MTC: multicentric and bilateral the upper to middle parts of the thyroid lobes,Introduction,Involvement of cervical lymph nodes is an early and common manifestation in the clinical course of the disease, with 35% to 50% or more, another 10% to 15% may have distant metastases at the time of initial presentation; Distant metastatic spread of MTC frequently involves the mediastinal nodes, lung, liver (90%), and bones.,p.C611Y MEN2A,Molecular Aberrations (overexpression ), RET mutations VEGFR-2 MET EGFR FGFR RAS (sMTC-56% KRAS+;12%HRAS) (Mutations in RAS appear to be mutually exclusive of RET abnormalities),Somatic RET mutations,Molecular pathways, PI3K/Akt/mTOR MAPK JNK RAS/ERK Play critical roles in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, apoptosis, and survival,Diagnosis and Monitoring, FNA,US and CT, MRI or ECT (Ct 500 pg/mL); DNA analysis for the RET germline mutation ATA-2015, ETA-2013, NCCN-2017 Guidelines recommend The MTC specimen is positively stained for Ct, chromogranin A, and CEA or Congo Red.,Diagnosis and Monitoring,Serum-based biomarkers: calcitonin and CEA (50%) Preoperative: CEA(), Ct (-)-poorly differentiated tumors, Rare; Ct 100 pg/mL-predictive MTC; Ct 150 pg/mL, CEA 30 ng/L-regional spread; Ct 3000 pg/mL, CEA 100 ng/L-distant spread.,Predictors of MTC progress, including recurrence and survival,Diagnosis and Monitoring,Serum-based biomarkers: calcitonin and CEA Postoperative: Ct ()- the first sign of tumor recurrence; Ct (-) and sCt (-) -10-year survival rates (SR) of 100%; yearly Ct measurements; Ct doubling times (DT) 1 yr (2yr)- 5- and 10-yr SR of 98% and 95%; CEA DT 1 yr - 5- and 10-yr SR of 100%； Ct DT 1 yr (6mon)- 5- and 10-yr SR of 36% and 18% （25% and 8% ）; CEA 1 year - 5- and 10-yr SR of 43% and 21%.,Predictors of MTC progress, including recurrence and survival,Diagnosis and Monitoring,10-yr SR for patients with stages I, II, III, and IV MTC are 100%, 93%, 71%, and 21%, respectively; SR for patients with distant metastases MTC is 51% at 1 yr, 26% at 5 yr, and 10% at 10 yr, respectively.,ATA-2015 Guidelines recommended,MEN2B-de novo RET p.M918T,MEN2B-de novo RET p.M918T,MEN2A-CLA, RET p.C634R/F,Surgical Management of MTC,The minimum extent of surgery is a total thyroidectomy (TT) with bilateral central neck dissection (Bi) (TT+BiLND); TT with ipsilateral lateral compartment neck dissection; (Unilateral lateral LN+, MTC size 1 cm) (TT+Bi+UniLND) TT with bilateral lateral compartment neck dissection. (Bilateral tumors or extensive LN+ on the contralateral side) (TT+Bi+BiLND),Surgical Management of MTC,*Current recommendations for the timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy depends on the risk level of the RET mutation in hereditary MTC (MEN 2).,ATA-2015 Guidelines recommended,Surgical Management of MTC, ATA-D (HST)-MEN 2B 1yr, TT + Bi LND; ATA-AC (MODH)-MEN 2A basal Ct 40 pg/mL, TT without Bi LND is adequate. (Ct 60 ng/L, Elisei R, et al ; Ct 70 ng/L, Qi XP, et al ),Female, 5.5yr; p.C634Y; bilateral MTC; DFS 6yr,Residual and Recurrent Disease,Residual and Recurrent : approximately 50%-80%, postoperation Ct 150 pg/ml, higher probability of distant metastatic disease; US, CT/MRI;,Residual and Recurrent Disease,Cytoreductive (Salvage ) surgery Reduced Ct levels in many patients; Normalization of the Ct levels in up to about 1/3 of patients; The risk of surgical complications,Medical Management of Advanced Metastatic Disease, Cytotoxic chemotherapy in limited patients with rapidly progressive disease minimal benefit Radionuclide therapy I-131 responses only about 30% to 35%, Somatostatin analogs octreotide,Medical Management of Advanced Metastatic Disease,Targeted therapy,Tyrosine kinase receptors and downstream effectors,Medical Management of Advanced Metastatic Disease,Targeted therapy Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)- RET, EGFR, VEGFR, and FGFR, MET,Two small-molecule TKIs, vandetanib (Apr 2011) and cabozantinib(Nov 2012), are currently available as approved agents for the treatment of advanced or progressive MTC and provide significant increases in progression-free survival (PFS).,Medical Management of Advanced Metastatic Disease,Vandetanib-RET, EGFR, VEGFR and EGF