Obstructive Uropathy,Dept. Of Urology. shanghai Renji Hospital WANG YIXIN,General Conception,Stone Obstruction Infection Renal function 1.Obstruction eventually Leads to decompensation of the muscular conduits and reservoirs,back pressure,and atrophy of renal parenchyma. 2.It also invites infection and stone formation.,Pathologic consequences:,infravesical Level of obstruction supravesical complete Degree of obstruction partial Nature of obstruction infection,injury,stone, tumor Duration of obstruction,The conseqences include,Incresed intraluminal pressure urinary stasis infection stone formation loss of renal function,Etiology,Congenital meatal stenosis ureteral strictures posterior urethral strictures ureterovesical junction obstruction ureteropelvic junction obstruction (various causes) neurologic deficites,Acguired urethral strictures inflammatory or traumatic bladder outlet obstruction (BPH or PCA) vesical tumor neuroginec bladder extrinsic ureteral compression ureteral or pelvic stones, strictures and tumor,The causes of hydrocalycosis,The causes of hydronephrosis,Pathogenesis (patholophysiology)1,The changes in the various segments in the urinary tract, depending on the obstructive severity and duration 1. Urethral changes: dilatation, diverticulum 2. Vesical changes: trabeculation, residual urine, diverticula 3. Ureteral changes: distention, dilatation and lengthening,Pathogenesis (patholophysiology)2,4. Pelvicalyceal changes: first shows evidence of hyperactivity and hypertrophy and then progressive dilatation and stony,rounding of the fornices ,followed by flattening of the papillae and finally clubbing of the minor calyces. 5. Renal Parenchymal Changes:compression, ischemic atrophy.,The result of renal pelvis-obstruction,Clinical findings,1.Symptoms and signs: infravesical obstruction :difficulty of voiding,weak stream ,diminished flow rate,terminal dribbling,burning ,frequency. Supravesical obstruction :renal pain or renal colic,if gradually-asymptomatic or enlarged kidney.,Clinical findings,2.Laboratory findings Urinary infection Hematuria or Crystalluria Impaired kidney function elevated blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine .,Clinical findings,3.X-Ray findings I.V.P , RGP , Ureterograms , Urefhrogram : localizing the site of obstruction demonstrate the extent of the obstructed segment anatomic changes functional changes,Clinical findings,4.Special Examination Instrumental calibration of sites of obstruction is also valuable isotope renography ultrasonic examination shows hydronephrosis and residual urine urineflow rate CT.,Treatment,1.bladder drainage by a catheter 2.urethral stricture can be dilatated or urethrotomy or urethroplasty 3.urethral valves must be ruptured 4.BPH or obstructing bladder tumors require surgical removal 5.impacted stones must be removed,Treatment,6.ureteral or ureteropalvic obstruction requires surgical revision and plastic repair ureterovesicoplasty ureterolithotomy ureteroureteral anastomosis bladder flaps to bridge a gap in the lower ureter transureteroureteral anastomosis ureteropyeloplasty,Treatment,Preliminary drainage above the obstruction is sometimes needed to improve kidney function. Occasionally, permanent drainage and diversion by cutaneous ureterostomy, ileal or colonic loop diversion, or permanent nephrostomy are required.,Prognosis,The prognosis depends on the cause, site, duration, and degree of kidney demage and renal decompensation. In general, relief of obstruction leads to improvement in kidneys,especially those destroyed by inflammatory scarring.,