语言学笔记陈银 2014/3/28Lecture 4Pretestn 1. What is phonetics?n 2. Phonetics can be further divided into three main areas, what are they? What do they study respectively?n 3. What do phonology study? Whats similarity of and the difference between phonetics and phonology?Answern 1. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. n 2. They are articulatory, accoustic and auditory phonetics.n ARTICULATORY PHONETICS studies the production of speech soundsn ACOUSTIC PHNETICS studies physical properties of sounds produced in speechn AUDITORY PHONETIC studies perception of speech soundsn 3. Phonology studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.n Similarity: concerned with the speech sounds.n Differences: Phonetics is strictly physical while phonology also pays attention to the function or meaning of a sound. n Phonetics only asks, “Does this sound go here or not?” Phonology asks, “Does the meaning change if I put this sound here instead of that one?” n Phonetics makes a pretty general description of sounds and can be used to describe sounds in any language. Phonology makes very detailed descriptions of sounds, so each language has its own unique set of symbols (because no two languages use all of the exact same sounds).n (the detailed differences can be got in the e-handouts in QQ group.)Chapter 2 Speech Soundsn Generalization of this chapter: Articulatory（发声） Phonetics (Acoustic) （声学） （语音学）Speech (Auditory) （听觉）Sounds （音位学） （音位） （音位变体） Phonology phonemes (allophones)Generalization of this chapter: speech organsArticulatory consonants broad （发声） speech phonetic sounds transcriptions vowels narrow（音位学） Phonological processesPhonology Distinctive features Introductionn As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system. n We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. n A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. p bilabial, stop. Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds which are used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings.A speech sound goes through a three-step process as shown below.Speaker A Speaker B speech speech speech production - transmission - perception Articulatory (acoustic) (auditory) the study of | the study of the physical | concerned withproduction of | properties of the sounds | the perceptionspeech sounds | produced in speech | of speech soundsPhonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. n It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur (Crystal, 1997:162).n In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. n Then we compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.2.1 How Speech Sounds Are Made?2.1.1 Speech Organs SPEECH ORGANS (or VOCAL ORGANS): parts of the human body involved in the production of speechn Lung n Trachea(or windpipe气管) n Throat: pharynx(咽),larynx(喉, including vocal folds/vocal cords) n Nosen Mouth: tongue, various parts of palate(腭)n VOCAL TRACT(声道): pharynx, mouth (oral cavity), nose (nasal cavity)n AIRSTREAM (气流): source of energyn MOUTH Upper lip, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula Lower lip, lower teeth, tongue, mandible (lower jaw) Tonguep tip(舌尖), blade (舌叶), front, back, rootp CORONAL (舌尖音, tip and blade); DORSAL (舌背音, front and back); RADICAL (舌根音,root)n PHARYNX (咽): the larynx opens into a muscular tube n LARYNX (喉) Adams apple, Vocal folds (vocal cords, vocal bands) Positions of vocal folds1. Apart: the air can pass through easily voiceless(清音) e.g., p, s, t2. Close together: the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other voiced(浊音) e.g., b, z, d 3. Totally together: no