2.名词和冠词,2017年高考英语语法总复习,一、名词 1名词的数 (1)物质名词(如：air，milk，money)、抽象名词(如：health，knowledge，traffic)一般都是不可数名词。 要熟记下列名词，它们在英语中一般是不可数名词：advice，baggage/luggage，furniture，equipment，fun，weather，information，luck，progress，work，homework，news，word (消息)等。,有些物质名词表示不同种类时可用复数形式。如： Mary bought a variety of fruits and vegetables for the party. 有些物质名词可用作可数或不可数名词，不过意义有改变。如：coffee作为物质名词(咖啡)不可数，但two coffees表示两杯咖啡。 (2)不可数名词前不可直接加数词修饰，而是采用量词词组。如：a glass of milk，a sheet of paper，two pieces of advice等。,(3)不可数名词常用(a) little，much，a great deal of等修饰，可数名词常用(a) few，many，a number of等修饰。a lot of，lots of，plenty of可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。 (4)常见的单复数意义不同的名词(如：value“价值”，values“价值观”；manner“方式”，manners“礼貌”； custom“风俗”，customs“海关”； damage“损害”，damages“赔偿金”； work“工作”，works“著作”等)需特别注意。,熟记下列易错的名词复数形式：stomachs，Germans，photos，kilos，roofs，beliefs，proofs。,(5)抽象名词具体化 具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。 difficulty困难； a difficulty一件难事 experience经验； an experience一次经历 failure失败； a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事 knowledge知识； a good knowledge丰富的知识 success成功； a success一位成功者；一件成功的事,surprise惊奇； a surprise一件令人吃惊的事 honour荣誉； an honour一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事 Failure is the mother of success. His new book was a great success. (6)复合名词变复数 主体名词变复数：boy studentboy students，passerbypassersby。 man/woman修饰主体名词的情况，两部分都变复数：woman doctorwomen doctors。 没有主体名词的情况下，在词尾加s：grownupgrownups。,2名词的所有格 (1)有生命的人或物的所有格一般由名词加“s”构成；若是几个人共有，或几个词作为一个单位时，在最后一个名词后加“s”，若表示各自的所属关系时，各名词的末尾都要加“s”。如：Marys dictionary，Mary and Mikes desk，Marys and Mikes mothers。 表示“某某的家/店铺”的名词所有格，常常省略其名词。如： at Mr Whites，at the tailors。,(2)无生命的事物的所有格一般采用“of名词”的结构。如：the liberation of the country，the window of the house。 表示时间、距离、天体、金额、国家或城市等的名词所有格也可在名词后直接加“s”构成。如：two weeks holiday，ten minutes drive，Chinas population。 (3)有时，上述两种所有格形式可以结合在一起，构成双重所有格。如：a friend of my fathers。,3名词作定语 名词在句子中除可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、同位语外，还可以用作定语。 (1)表示材料的名词作定语常用单数，说明被修饰的名词是什么原料制成的。如： stone figures石像 paper money纸币 diamond necklace钻石项链 gold medal金牌 (2)表示地点的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地点。如：country music 乡村音乐 city life 城市生活 school education 学校教育,(3)表示用途、性质的名词作定语。如：coffee cup咖啡杯 4名词与高考 高考对名词的考查主要以词类转化的形式出现，所以，考生除了掌握名词的基础知识外，还要特别注意词语的搭配关系：动词、介词、冠词、代词、形容词后常跟名词。同时要掌握常见的名词后缀。 Its very important to teach the children about road safety (safe) Your kindness (kind) is grateful.,.完成句子(根据汉语提示，完成下列句子) 1Two_(月) ago，three_(英雄) caught four_(小偷)They made them plant some_(土豆) and_(竹子) in two_(动物园)They also made their_(妻子们) return the four big_(箱子) with some precious_(照片) and_(刷子) in them.,2Two_(主编)，three_(男教师) and five_(女医生)，together with their_(孩子们)，went to the market.They decided to buy two_(绵羊)，three_(鹿)，four_(公牛)，five_(鹅) and six white_(老鼠) with three_(脚) and six_(牙齿) 答案 1months；heroes；thieves；potatoes；bamboos；zoos；wives；boxes；photos；brushes 2editorsinchief；men teachers；women doctors；children；sheep；deer；oxen；geese；mice；feet；teeth,.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文) A high school history teacher once told us，“If you make one close friend in school，you will be most lucky.A true friend is someone who stays with you for life.”Experience shows that he was right. Good 1._(friend) are just not easily formed.,To most of us，friendships are thought very important，but we need to have the kinds of friendships we want. Are they to be close or kept at arms 2._(long)？Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface？For some people，many friendships on the surface are quite enough and thats all right. But at some point we need to make sure that our 3._(expect) are the same as our 4._(friend) expectations.The sharing of 5._(person) experience is the surest way,6._(deepen) friendships. But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are signs of interest and 7._(act) return. What are some of the difficulties to friendship？The greatest is the 8._(attract) to expect too much too soon. Deep relationships take time.Another main difficulty is the 9._(selfish) to think one“owns”the other，including his time and,10._(attend). Similarly，friendships need actions in return.In other words，you must give as much as you take.Finally there is a question of taking care of each other.Unless you spend reasonable time together，talking on the phone，writing letters or doing things together，friendships will die away. 答案 1.friendships 2.length 3.expectations 4friends 5.personal 6.to deepen/of deepening 7action 8.attraction 9.selfishness 10.attention,二、 冠词 冠词包括不定冠词a/an，定冠词the和不用冠词的情况(也可称为零冠词)。a/an的基本含义为“一个”，表泛指，the的基本含义是“这个、那个”，表特指。通常第一次出现的可数名词前用a/an修饰，重复出现时用the修饰。 1不定冠词(a/an)的用法 (1)用于第一次提及的非特指的可数名词前。 She was ready to tell a story when her parents came in.,(2)用于单数可数名词前表示“一、每一、某一”等意思。 You should take the medicine three times a day. A tiger has four legs. (3)用于某些抽象名词前，使其具体化。 Many people agree that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.