Unit 10 Doing FTAs in Conversation,会话中的威胁面子行为,Contents,10.1 The notion of face 10.2 Face-threatening acts 10.3 Strategies of doing FTAs 10.4 Factors behind the strategy choice,10.1 The notion of face - Goffman,Goffman (1967) defines “face” as “the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes.” Brown and Levinson (1978/1987) developed Goffmans (1967) notion of face into the well-known Face Theory (FT for short).,10.1 The notion of face- Brown and Levinson,According to Brown and Levinson (1978/1987), face means the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself or herself, or the emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize. Face consists of two aspects:,positive face,negative face,Negative face 消极面子,the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-interference, i.e. to the freedom of action and freedom from imposition. e.g. threat, warning, order, etc. 消极面子是指社会成员希望其行动不被别人干涉，即有行动的自由和自主决定的自由。（何自然，陈新仁，2004）,Positive face 积极面子,the positive consistent self-image or “personality” (crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants. e.g. Its very kind of you. 积极面子是指每个社会成员希望他的愿望受人顺从，自我形象被人欣赏和赞许。（何自然，陈新仁，2004）,10.2 Face-threatening acts,在会话交际中，以上两种面子都可能受到威胁，例如： 儿子：妈，我想出去玩一下。 母亲：作业做完再说。 室友：哎，这个铃声挺好听的。 我：哪里好听了。 Four types: Acts threatening the hearers positive face Acts threatening the hearers negative face Acts threatening the speakers positive face Acts threatening the speakers negative face,Acts threatening the hearers positive face,indicating (potentially) that the speaker does not care about the hearers feelings, interests, wants, etc. An act that show the speakers negative evaluation of some aspects of hearers positive face. E.g. disapproval, criticism, etc. An act that show speaker does not care about hearers positive face; e.g. mention taboo topics. S shows non-cooperation in an activity, e.g. interrupting Hs talk; S uses address terms and other status-marked identifications in initial encounters in an offensive or embarrassing way, intentionally or accidently.,Acts threatening the hearers negative face,Impose some future act on H, and in doing so exert some pressure on H to do (or refrain from doing) the act. E.g. orders and request, suggestions and advice, reminders, threat, warning; Predicate some positive act of S toward H, and in doing so put some pressure on H to accept or reject them, and possibly to incur a debt. E.g. offers; Acts that indicate some desire of S toward H or Hs goods, giving H reason to think that he may have to protect the object of Ss desire, or give it to S. e.g. compliments and expressions of envy or admiration.,Acts threatening the speakers positive face,Acts that directly damage Ss positive face, such as apologies, acceptance of compliment or praise, self-humiliation, and self-contradiction.,Acts threatening the speakers negative face,Acts such as expressing thanks, acceptance of Hs thanks or Hs apology, excuses, unwilling promises and offers, and the like.,10.2 Face-threatening acts,Two points to be noted: 1. an overlap in this classification of FTAs, because some FTAs intrinsically threaten both negative and positive face (e.g. interruptions, threats, requests for personal information); 2. Cultures vary in the rating of illocutionary acts in terms of face threat.,10.3 Strategies of doing FTAs,Read Figure 1 on p. 132 Five strategies: Without redressive action, baldly/ bald on-record直接性策略 Positive politeness 积极礼貌策略 Negative politeness 消极礼貌策略 Off-record 间接性策略 Dont do the FTA 不施行面子威胁行为,Bald on record means doing it in the most direct, clear, unambiguous way possible. 不使用补救策略，公开的实行威胁面子行为，即说话者用直接公开的方式向听话人提出建议、请求、给予或邀请。 An MP will do FTA baldly on record if： Maximum efficiency.情况紧急，交际效率居于面子需求之上 e.g. Watch out! Perceive very small threat to the hearers face.对听话人威胁较小或没有威胁 e.g. Dont be sad. Ss power over H.说话人权势远远高于听话人 e.g. Bring me a bottle of wine.,Positive politeness is approach-based, which conveys that the potential face threat is minimized by the assurance that the speaker in general wants to satisfy at least some of the hearers wants, and makes the hearer feel good and feel that his value is shared. 通过强调与听话人的共同性来减少面子威胁程度，满足听话人积极面子需求，使听话人所要求的个人形象与说话人言语中体现的达到一致。 it includes 12 strategies: Claim common ground between S and H. 宣称双方共同点 Notice/attend to H. 关注听话人 e.g. Goodness, you cut your hair. Exaggerate approval with H. 夸张自己对听话人的赞同等 e.g. Your performance is superb. Its the best Ive seen. Intensify interest to H. (to attract or please H) 提高听话人兴趣 e.g. You may find my story most interesting. Its about.,Use in-group identity markers (nicknames, dialects, ellipsis, etc.) 表明具有同样的团体身份 e.g. 1. Help me with my bag here, will you mate/buddy? 2. Mind if