全身性感染与感染性休克 What is New?,北京协和医院 杜 斌,全身性感染(sepsis): 定义,确证或可疑的感染, 以及 某些下列指标 一般指标 炎症指标 血流动力学指标 器官功能不全指标 组织灌注指标,Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G, For the International Sepsis Definitions Conference. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1250-1256,全身性感染(sepsis): 定义,Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G, For the International Sepsis Definitions Conference. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1250-1256,全身性感染(sepsis): 定义,Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G, For the International Sepsis Definitions Conference. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1250-1256,全身性感染(sepsis): 改变定义的原因,诊断标准应当 普遍适用于临床医疗及临床试验 具有较高的敏感性和特异性 避免过于复杂以至难以记忆或应用 采用普遍应用的试验指标 适用于成人, 儿童和新生儿,Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G, For the International Sepsis Definitions Conference. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1250-1256,全身性感染(sepsis): 流行病学,Martin GS, Mannino DM, Stephanie Eaton S, et al. The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1546-54.,全身性感染(sepsis): 流行病学,致病菌 革兰阳性菌 平均每年增加26.3% 真菌 1979年5,231例 2000年16,042例 增加207%,Martin GS, Mannino DM, Stephanie Eaton S, et al. The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1546-54.,全身性感染(sepsis): 流行病学,Martin GS, Mannino DM, Stephanie Eaton S, et al. The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1546-54.,全身性感染流行病学: USA 1979 2000,ICD-9有关全身性感染的编码 500家急性病医院 750,000,000住院患者 10,319,418例全身性感染/22年,全身性感染发病率的推算,平均每年增加1.5%; 相当于年增新发病例约22,875例 Angus DC, et al. The epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome and associated costs of care.,全身性感染临床试验对照组的病死率,全身性感染与严重全身性感染,严重全身性感染: 与常见病的比较,National Center for Health Statistics, 2001. American Cancer Society, 2001. *American Heart Association. 2000. Angus DC et al. Crit Care Med. 2001 (In Press).,严重全身性感染与其他死因,全身性感染的医疗费用,2000年 ICU医疗费用的40% 欧洲每年花费7,600,000,0001 美国每年花费$16,700,000,0002,Davies A et al. Abstract 581. 14th Annual Congress of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland, 30 September-3 October 2001 Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29:13031310,Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Why?,过去5年间阳性结果的干预措施 严重全身性感染与感染性休克 EGDT 激素 APC 小潮气量通气策略 危重病患者的一般治疗 镇静 严格血糖控制 脱机方案,严重全身性感染 循证医学指南,Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock,Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J, Gea-Banacloche J, Keh D, Marshall JC, Parker MM, Ramsay G, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL, Levy MM and the SSC Management Guidelines Committee Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 858-873 Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 536-555 available online at www.springerlink.com www.sccm.org www.sepsisforum.com The guidelines were published in both Critical Care Medicine and in Intensive care Medicine, and are available on-line,Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines For Management Of Severe Sepsis / Septic Shock,The First Revision A Preliminary Report,Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guideline,最初复苏(initial resuscitation) 诊断(diagnosis) 抗生素治疗(antibiotic therapy) 感染源控制(source control) 液体治疗(fluid therapy) 升压药物(vasopressors) 强心药物(inotropic therapy) 激素(steroids) 活化蛋白C (recombinant human activated protein C) 血液制品(blood product administration),ARDS机械通气(mechanical ventilation of sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS) 镇静(sedation, analgesia, and NMB in sepsis) 血糖控制(glucose control) 肾脏替代(renal replacement) 碳酸氢钠(bicarbonate therapy) DVT预防(DVT prophylaxis) 应激性溃疡预防(stress ulcer prophylaxis) 考虑限制支持治疗水平(consideration for limitation of support),Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guideline,最初复苏(initial resuscitation) 诊断(diagnosis) 抗生素治疗(antibiotic therapy) 感染源控制(source control) 液体治疗(fluid therapy) 升压药物(vasopressors) 强心药物(inotropic therapy) 激素(steroids) 活化蛋白C (recombinant human activated protein C) 血液制品(blood product administration),ARDS机械通气(mechanical ventilation of sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS) 镇静(sedation, analgesia, and NMB in sepsis) 血糖控制(glucose control) 肾脏替代(renal replacement) 碳酸氢钠(bicarbonate therapy) DVT预防(DVT prophylaxis) 应激性溃疡预防(stress ulcer prophylaxis) 考虑限制支持治疗水平(consideration for limitation of support),推荐意见的评级系统,Sackett DL. Chest 1989; 95: 2S-4S Sprung CL, Bernard GR, Dellinger RP. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27(Suppl): S1-S2,推荐意见的评级系统 GRADE,证据的质量 评估指标 试验设计 一致性 直接性(对所研究的问题) 偏倚的报告 评估级别 A 高质量 B 中等质量 C 低质量 D 极低质量,推荐的强度 1: 强烈推荐 方法学缺陷较少 作用较大 副作用较少 2: 一般推荐 方法学缺陷较多 评价不确切 作用较小 明显增加危害,